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. 2021 Jul 27;12:4543. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-24482-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Expression patterns of COVID-19 plasma analytes, including proteins, metabolites, and lipids, across four disease severity groups. b Heatmap representing protein expression in five functional categories in asymptomatic (n = 53), mild (n = 54), severe (n = 33), and critical (n = 21) COVID-19 patients. Each column indicates a COVID-19 patient sample, and each row represents a protein. Colors of each cell show Z-score of log2 protein abundance in that sample. c Boxplots of representative proteins. We performed comparisons between the arbitrary two groups. The proteins analysis included asymptomatic (n = 53), mild (n = 54), severe (n = 33), and critical (n = 21) COVID-19 patients. P values were calculated using Wilcoxon signed-rank test (two-sided) and significant P values were shown in boxplot. d Heatmap representing metabolite expression in phenylalanine, tryptophan metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis pathways in asymptomatic (n = 53), mild (n = 54), severe (n = 33), and critical (n = 21) COVID-19 patients. Colors of each cell show Z-score of log2 metabolites abundance in that sample. e Boxplots of representative metabolites. We performed comparisons between arbitrary two groups. The metabolites analysis included asymptomatic (n = 53), mild (n = 54), severe (n = 33), and critical (n = 21) COVID-19 patients. P values were calculated using Wilcoxon signed-rank test (two-sided) and significant P values were shown in boxplot. f Representative lipid expression changes across four disease severity groups. The lipids analysis included asymptomatic (n = 53), mild (n = 54), severe (n = 33), and critical (n = 21) COVID-19 patients. P values were calculated using Wilcoxon signed-rank test (two-sided) and significant P values were shown in boxplot. The bold lines, upper boundaries and lower boundaries of notches represent the medians, 75th percentiles and 25th percentiles, respectively. Whiskers extend 1.5 times interquartile range (IQR). * means adjusted P value ≤ 0.05, ** means adjusted P value ≤ 0.01, *** means adjusted P value ≤ 0.001 and **** means P ≤ 0.0001, if not indicated, means adjusted P value > 0.05. Multiple comparisons adjustment was performed using Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) method. Exact P value and source data were included in the Source Data file.