Table 4.

Parameter estimates for bivariate growth models of neural and behavioral cognitive control.

	Fronto-parietal regions			rACC
	Est	S.E.	Est/S.E.	Est.	S.E.	Est/S.E.
Shape factor loadings
NCC T1	0=			0=
NCC T2	0.718*	0.102	7.067	0.513*	.115	4.421
NCC T3	0.899*	.121	7.422	1.189*	.156	7.607
NCC T4	1=			1=
BCC T1	0=			0=
BCC T2	0.576*	.048	12.006	0.575*	.048	11.996
BCC T3	0.805*	.052	15.474	0.805*	.052	15.450
BCC T4	1=			1=
Factor Means
NCC Intercept	0=			−0.528*	0.034	−15.629
NCC Shape	−0.259*	.033	−7.898	0.217*	0.043	5.096
BCC Intercept	0.240*	.003	76.566	0.240*	.003	76.601
BCC Shape	−0.059*	.004	−15.919	−0.059*	.004	−15.902
Factor Variances
NCC Intercept	0.036*	.013	2.867	0.083*	0.023	3.655
NCC Shape	0.008	.016	0.471	0.093*	0.035	2.652
BCC Intercept	0.001*	.000	4.273	0.001*	.000	4.267
BCC Shape	0.000	.000	1.380	0.000	.000	1.409
Factor Covariance
NCC Intercept ↔ BCC Intercept	0.002*	.001	2.032	−0.003	0.001	−1.868
NCC Shape ↔ BCC Shape	0.000	0.000	0.068	0.000	0.002	0.158
NCC Intercept ↔ BCC Shape	−0.001	0.001	−1.126	0.000	0.001	−0.292
BCC Intercept ↔ NCC Shape	0.000	0.001	−0.367	0.001	0.002	0.801
NCC Intercept ↔ NCC Shape	−0.014	.012	−1.114	−0.072*	.025	−2.857
BCC Intercept ↔ BCC Shape	0.000	.000	0.068	0.000	.000	0.044

Note. rACC = the rostral anterior cingulate cortex; NCC = neural cognitive control; BCC = behavioral cognitive control, measured by intraindividual standard deviations in response time; T1 = Time 1; T2 = Time 2; T3 = Time 3; T4 = Time 4; Est. = Estimate; S.E. = standard error; “=” fixed parameters. The ratio Est/S.E. can be viewed as a Z value.

^*p < .05.