Table 1. Baseline Clinical Characteristics according to MACCE.
| All Patients (n = 78) |
Patients without MACCE (n = 38) |
Patients with MACCE (n = 40) |
P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 59.0 (51.0–66.3) | 56.0 (46.5–64.5) | 62.0 (55.0–66.8) | 0.08 | |
| Sex, male | 22 (28.2) | 10 (26.3) | 12 (30.0) | 0.72 | |
| Comorbidity | |||||
| DM | 14 (17.9) | 7 (18.4) | 7 (17.5) | 0.92 | |
| Hypertension | 18 (23.1) | 9 (23.7) | 9 (22.5) | 0.90 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 13 (16.7) | 9 (23.7) | 4 (10.0) | 0.11 | |
| Dialysis | 2 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.0) | 0.49 | |
| Congestive hepatopathy | 2 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.0) | 0.49 | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 45 (57.7) | 19 (50.0) | 26 (65.0) | 0.18 | |
| COPD | 2 (2.6) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (2.5) | 0.97 | |
| Medication use | |||||
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 39 (50.0) | 16 (42.1) | 23 (57.5) | 0.26 | |
| Beta blocker | 20 (25.6) | 12 (31.6) | 8 (20.0) | 0.30 | |
| Diuretics | 63 (80.8) | 28 (73.7) | 35 (87.5) | 0.16 | |
| Digoxin | 41 (52.6) | 19 (50.0) | 22 (55.0) | 0.82 | |
| Calcium channel blocker | 13 (16.7) | 6 (15.8) | 7 (17.5) | 1.00 | |
| Antiplatelet | 10 (12.8) | 6 (15.8) | 4 (10.0) | 0.51 | |
| Anticoagulant | 47 (60.3) | 21 (55.3) | 26 (65.0) | 0.49 | |
| Antidiabetic agent | 14 (17.9) | 7 (18.4) | 7 (17.5) | 0.92 | |
| Antidyslipidemic agent | 13 (16.7) | 9 (23.7) | 4 (10.0) | 0.11 | |
| Laboratory findings | |||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.3 (10.9–13.2) | 12.4 (10.7–13.4) | 12.1 (11.0–13.1) | 0.62 | |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 71.0 (58.8–90.0) | 78.5 (65.8–90.0) | 68.0 (55.3–86.0) | 0.11 | |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, IU/mL | 26.0 (21.0–32.0) | 24.0 (21.0–30.0) | 29.0 (20.0–33.0) | 0.14 | |
| Alanine aminotransferase, IU/mL | 19.0 (14.0–22.3) | 18.5 (14.0–22.3) | 19.0 (12.0–22.0) | 0.76 | |
| Prothrombin time, INR | 1.2 (1.1–1.5) | 1.1 (1.0–1.5) | 1.2 (1.1–1.5) | 0.28 | |
| Initial vital signs | |||||
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 109.5 (100.0–117.0) | 108.0 (100.0–117.3) | 110.0 (100.0–113.0) | 0.74 | |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 67.5 (60.0–74.3) | 67.0 (60.0–73.3) | 69.0 (60.0–77.0) | 0.92 | |
| Heart rate | 69.0 (60.0–80.0) | 66.0 (60.0–80.0) | 70.0 (61.0–80.0) | 0.43 | |
| Respiratory rate | 18.0 (18.0–20.0) | 18.0 (18.0–20.0) | 18.0 (18.0–20.0) | 0.48 | |
| Body temperature, ℃ | 36.4 (36.2–36.6) | 36.4 (36.2–36.6) | 36.4 (36.2–36.7) | 0.79 | |
| Preoperative NYHA classification | 0.13 | ||||
| I | 16 (20.5) | 7 (18.4) | 9 (22.5) | ||
| II | 38 (48.7) | 23 (60.5) | 15 (37.5) | ||
| III | 22 (28.2) | 8 (21.1) | 14 (35.0) | ||
| IV | 2 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.0) | ||
| Other valve pathology | |||||
| Moderate to severe MS or MR | 40 (51.3) | 17 (44.7) | 23 (57.5) | 0.26 | |
| Moderate to severe AS or AR | 7 (9.0) | 4 (10.5) | 3 (7.5) | 0.71 | |
| Moderate pulmonary regurgitation | 4 (5.1) | 1 (2.6) | 3 (7.5) | 0.62 | |
| Operation type | 0.98 | ||||
| Tricuspid annuloplasty | 39 (50.0) | 20 (52.6) | 19 (47.5) | ||
| Tricuspid valvuloplasty | 14 (17.9) | 7 (18.4) | 7 (17.5) | ||
| TV replacement | 24 (30.8) | 11 (28.9) | 13 (32.5) | ||
| Tricuspid annuloplasty & valvuloplasty | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | ||
| Combined operation | |||||
| Mitral valve surgery | 47 (60.3) | 22 (57.9) | 25 (62.5) | 0.68 | |
| Aortic valve surgery | 9 (11.5) | 4 (10.5) | 5 (12.5) | 1.00 | |
| Pulmonary valve surgery | 2 (2.6) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (2.5) | 1.00 | |
| Maze operation | 40 (51.3) | 19 (50.0) | 21 (52.5) | 0.83 | |
| Left atrial reduction | 21 (26.9) | 10 (26.3) | 11 (27.5) | 0.91 | |
| Right atrial reduction | 25 (32.1) | 9 (23.7) | 16 (40.0) | 0.12 | |
| Glenn shunt | 3 (3.8) | 1 (2.6) | 2 (5.0) | 1.00 | |
| Number of TV operations* | 0.76 | ||||
| Redo | 18 (23.1) | 7 (18.4) | 11 (27.5) | ||
| Trido | 5 (6.4) | 3 (7.9) | 2 (5.0) | ||
| Previous valve operation | |||||
| TV operation history | 7 (9.0) | 3 (7.9) | 4 (10.0) | 1.00 | |
| Mitral valve operation history | 22 (28.2) | 8 (21.1) | 14 (35.0) | 0.17 | |
| Aortic valve operation history | 8 (9.3) | 3 (7.9) | 5 (12.5) | 0.71 | |
Data are median and interquartile range, or number with percentage in parentheses. *Number of surgeries includes the dedicated operation after obtaining cardiac MRI. ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme, AR = aortic regurgitation, ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker, AS = aortic stenosis, BP = blood pressure, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, DM = diabetes mellitus, eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, INR = international normalized ratio, MACCE = major adverse cardiovascular event, MR = mitral regurgitation, MS = mitral stenosis, NYHA = New York Heart Association, TV = tricuspid valve