Table 1.
Examples of promising recent and ongoing immunotherapy clinical trials in RCC. The mechanism of action, therapeutic combination (if applicable), and the affected steps in the cancer immunity cycle are provided.
| COMPOUND | MECHANISM OF ACTION | COMBINATION | CLINICAL TRIAL ID | STEP(S) OF CANCER-IMMUNITY CYCLE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES | ||||
| HD-IL-2 | Pro-inflammatory cytokine (T cell growth factor) | Nivolumab | NCT02989714 |
Step 3: T cell priming and activation Step 6: Recognition of cancer cells by T cells Step 7: Killing of cancer cells |
| Radiation therapy | NCT02306954 | |||
| NKTR-214 | Pro-inflammatory cytokine (T cell growth factor) | Nivolumab +/− Ipilimumab | NCT02983045 | |
| INHIBITORS OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, CYTOKINE RECEPTORS OR GROWTH FACTORS | ||||
|
Mavorixafor (X4P-001) |
CXCR4 inhibitor | Axitinib | NCT02667886 |
Step 4: Trafficking of immune cells into tumors Step 5: Infiltration of immune cells into tumors |
| CELLULAR THERAPIES | ||||
|
Anti-hCD70
CAR T cell |
Recognition and killing of CD70-expresing cells | HD-IL-2 | NCT02830724 |
Step 6: Recognition of cancer cells by T cells Step 7: Killing of cancer cells |
| Adoptive T cell therapy with TILs | Recognition of HLA-restricted tumor antigens | IL-2 | NCT02926053 | |
| HERV-E TCR transduced autologous T cells | Recognition of HLA-A11:01—restricted HERVE-E—derived peptide | None | NCT03354390 | |
| CELLULAR THERAPIES | ||||
| NEOVAX | Neoantigen peptides + adjuvant | Ipilimumab (local administration) | NCT02950766 |
Step 2: Cancer antigen presentation Step 3: T cell priming and activation |
| RO7198457 | Neoantigen RNA | Atezolizumab | NCT03289962 | |
| IMMUNE CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS | ||||
| MK-7684 | TIGIT inhibitor | Pembrolizumab | NCT02964013 |
Step 3: T cell priming and activation Step 7: Killing of cancer cells |
| CO-STIMULATORY IMMUNE RECEPTOR AGONISTS | ||||
| Utomilumab | 4–1 BB agonist | Pembrolizumab | NCT02179918 | Step 7: Killing of cancer cells |
| TRYPTOPHAN PATHWAY INHIBITORS | ||||
| Linrodostat | IDO1 inhibitor | Nivolumab | NCT03192943 |
Step 7: Killing of cancer cells (alters immunosuppressive microenvironment) |
| ADENOSINE PATHWAY INHIBITORS | ||||
|
Ciforadenant
(CPI-444) |
A2AR inhibitor | None or Atezolizumab | NCT02655822 |
Step 7: Killing of cancer cells (alters TAMs, DCs, NK cells / immunosuppressive microenvironment) |
| BMS-986179 | CD73 inhibitor | Nivolumab | NCT02754141 | |