Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants.
| Lio | Kim | Tila | Nele | Niek | Abden | Elif | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 6;3 | 6;5 | 7;1 | 6;6 | 6;3 | 7;1 | 6;2 |
| Grade | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Gender | Male | Female | Female | Female | Male | Male | Female |
| L1 | Polish | Polish | Turkish | Chinese | Italian | Turkish | Turkish |
| LRB | 12 | 4 | 13 | 3 | 14 | 10 | 6 |
| Reading W (PR) | <7 | <7 | <2 | 9–13 | 7–8 | 16–17 | 5–11 |
| Reading P (PR) | <2 | <2 | <4 | 24 | 6–8 | 19–23 | 8–10 |
| BAKO (PR) | |||||||
| Subtest PS | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 48 | 2 | 21 |
| Subtest VS | 42 | 6 | 19 | 53 | 6 | 6 | 61 |
| Subtest RD | 3 | 3 | 3 | 21 | 3 | 3 | 34 |
| Subtest PI | 8 | 8 | 8 | 74 | 8 | 8 | 21 |
| Subtest SC | 28 | 15 | 42 | 71 | 1 | 28 | 28 |
| Subtest VD | 57 | 7 | 23 | 57 | 23 | 23 | 57 |
| Subtest WR | 9 | 9 | 9 | 35 | 23 | 9 | 35 |
| Total | 7 | 0 | 2 | 39 | 2 | 1 | 31 |
| Vocab (PR) | 12 | 5 | 15 | 26 | 21 | 27 | 16 |
PR, percentile; W, words; P, pseudowords; LRB, learning-related behavior (cutoff 10); L1, native language; PS, pseudoword segmentation; VS, vowel substitution; RD, residual word determination; PI, phoneme interchange; SC, sound categorization; VD, vowel length determination; WR, word reversal; and Vocab, German vocabulary test.