Table 1.

The summary of reported cases associated with COVID-19 and central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)

Case reports	Age/sex	Underlying diseases	Period from onset of COVID-19 to diagnosis of CRAO	Clinical features of COVID-19	Treatment of COVID-19	Visual symptoms	Ophthalmological treatment	Fundus examination at presentation and final	Visual acuity at presentation and final	Assessment
Montesel et al10	59 years old, male	Hypertension Hyperuricemia	2 months	Pneumonia Renal failure	Hydroxychloroquine Lopinavir/ritonavir Tocilizumab Broad-spectrum antibiotics	Painless vision loss	N/A	At presentation: Severe arterial narrowing and retinal whitening in the macular region with loss of the physiological macular reflex Final: The loss of the foveal depression and ganglion cell layer atrophy	LP-CF	Most likely
Dumitrascu et al12	48 years old, male	Obesity	In the sixth week of patient’s hospitalisation	Acute respiratory failure Septic shock Fungemia	Apixaban Hydroxychloroquine Tocilizumab Enoxaparin	Sudden and painless loss of vision	N/A	At presentation: Mild optic disc oedema, retinal whitening consistent with retinal oedema and mildly attenuated retinal vessels Final: N/A	No LP—N/A	Most likely
Acharya et al11	60 years old, male	Hypertension Stable coronary artery disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	In the second week of patient’s hospitalisation	Pneumonia Cytokine release syndrome	Hydroxychloroquine Azithromycin Tocilizumab	Painless vision loss	N/A	At presentation: Optic nerve had slightly indistinct margins and a cherry-red spot with significant retinal whitening Final: N/A	No LP—N/A	Most likely
Current report	54 years old, male	None	3 weeks	None	Hydroxychloroquine Azithromycin Favipiravir Enoxaparin	Sudden and painless loss of vision	Intravenous 20% mannitol Anterior chamber paracentesis Acetazolamide Hyperbaric oxygen therapy	At presentation: Cherry-red spot appearance with mild retinal whitening Final: Localised atrophy of the neurosensory retina and decrease in the reflectivity and thickness of the inner retinal layers	CF—12/20	Most likely

CF, counting fingers; LP, light perception; N/A, not applicable.