Figure 5.

Population structure and history for Glyptosternon maculatum

A: Geographical representation of GM2900 (red), GM4100 (blue), and GM4500 (green). B: Principal component analysis (PCA) for all samples using whole-genome variants. C: Phylogenetic relationship among samples based on whole-genome variant data. D: Genetic structures of population samples. E: Average altitude of QTP (left Y axis and black sold line), relative Eurasian ice volume (left Y axis and blue dashed line), and effective population size from MSMC (right Y axis and solid red/blue/green line) in last 4 Mya. Effective population size (Ne) profiles were deduced from MSMC. Altitude of QTP and relative Eurasian ice volume were referenced from previous study (Yang et al., 2016). Gray highlights major tectonic movements. F: Demographic scenario for three populations deduced from G-PhoCS. Color scheme for each population is identical to above plot, and width indicates relative effective population size. Branch represents splits among populations. Numbers on arrows show migration rates among populations. Major climate events, including Quaternary glaciation ~2.6 Mya and Younger Dryas ~10 kyr BP, are labeled with red triangles along geological time.