Table 1. Ranging behavior and dietary composition of white-headed langurs, and food availability and climatic factors during study period.
| Group | Season | Time budgets (% of total activity time, mean±SD) | Daily path length (m) | |||||
| Resting | Moving | Feeding | Grooming | Playing | Other | |||
| HTF: Mean highest temperature of forest; MTF: Mean temperature of forest; RHF: Mean relative humidity of forest; HTR: Mean highest temperature of bare rock; MTR: Mean temperature of bare rock; RHR: Mean relative humidity of bare rock. | ||||||||
| G-DS | Annual | 46.3±7.4 | 19.7±3.6 | 23.9±4.5 | 9.1±3.8 | 0.9±0.9 | 0.1±0.1 | 455.6±43.8 |
| G-ZWY | Annual | 41.2±7.1 | 21.5±4.7 | 23.8±4.0 | 7.7±3.9 | 5.5±2.3 | 0.3±0.3 | 499.1±105.7 |
| G-LZ | Annual | 51.6±7.4 | 15.0±3.9 | 24.5±3.9 | 8.4±3.1 | 0.1±0.4 | 0.4±0.6 | 430.4±78.0 |
| G-NN | Annual | 49.8±8.3 | 15.8±4.4 | 25.4±3.2 | 8.7±3.1 | 0.1±0.1 | 0.2±0.2 | 363.1±61.4 |
| Mean | Annual | 47.2±8.3 | 18.0±4.9 | 24.4±3.9 | 8.5±3.4 | 1.7±2.7 | 0.3±0.4 | 437.1±89.3 |
| Dry | 51.0±8.8 | 17.5±5.9 | 24.2±4.7 | 5.8±2.2 | 1.1±2.0 | 0.4±0.5 | 434.9±100.2 | |
| Rainy | 43.4±5.8 | 18.5±3.6 | 24.6±2.8 | 11.2±1.9 | 2.2±3.3 | 0.1±0.2 | 439.2±78.9 | |
| Group | Season | Diet composition (% of feeding time, mean±SD) | Dietary diversity index | |||||
| Young leaves | Mature leaves | Flowers | Fruits | Other | ||||
| G-DS | Annual | 71.6±12.2 | 14.8±7.9 | 1.1±1.1 | 6.6±6.0 | 5.8±5.9 | 5.11±0.57 | |
| G-ZWY | Annual | 71.4±14.2 | 15.2±12.2 | 2.4±2.8 | 4.8±2.8 | 6.2±3.7 | 4.94±0.57 | |
| G-LZ | Annual | 68.7±11.8 | 17.8±11 | 1.6±1.3 | 6.9±5.5 | 5.1±3.3 | 4.82±0.48 | |
| G-NN | Annual | 67.5±7.9 | 15.6±9.0 | 3.8±2.8 | 8.1±5.3 | 4.9±3.8 | 4.99±0.28 | |
| Mean | Annual | 69.8±11.5 | 16.7±9.9 | 2.2±2.3 | 6.6±5.0 | 5.5±4.2 | 4.96±0.49 | |
| Dry | 62.3±10.5 | 23.4±8.6 | 2.1±2.6 | 5.2±3.7 | 7.1±5.3 | 4.98±0.63 | ||
| Rainy | 77.4±6.5 | 10.0±5.8 | 2.4±2.1 | 8.0±5.8 | 3.9±1.8 | 4.95±0.30 | ||
| Season | Climatic factors, temperature (℃), humidity (%), rainfall (mm), and daylength (min) (mean±SD) | |||||||
| HTF | MTF | RHF | HTR | MTR | RHR | Rainfall | Daylength | |
| Annual | 26.9±4.5 | 22.5±4.7 | 84.9±5.3 | 41.9±6.8 | 26.3±5.1 | 73.7±4.9 | 365.2±291.3 | 774.2±59.8 |
| Dry | 24.8±5.2 | 20.0±5.1 | 81.3±5.2 | 39.2±5.5 | 23.6±4.9 | 72.6±4.9 | 167.9±125.8 | 725.4±31.7 |
| Rainy | 29.1±2.7 | 25.0±2.8 | 88.5±2.4 | 44.8±7.2 | 29.1±3.9 | 74.8±5.1 | 562.5±278.3 | 823.1±33.9 |
| Season | Food availability index (FAI) (mean±SD) | |||||||
| Young leaves-FAI | Mature leaves-FAI | Flowers-FAI | Fruits-FAI | |||||
| Annual | 10 870.4±4 664.2 | 31 775.3±5 613.8 | 1 126.3±1 357.7 | 2 265.2±1 855.2 | ||||
| Dry | 7 489.8±4 272.9 | 30 358.0±5 027.5 | 500.8±196.8 | 912.3±524.2 | ||||
| Rainy | 14 250.9±1 474.4 | 33 192.6±6 263.8 | 1 751.7±1 754.4 | 3 618.1±1 704.1 | ||||