TABLE 1.

ANS regulates intestinal cell proliferation.

Populations	Conditions	Autonomic nerve receptors	Functions	References
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs)	M1KO-M5KO	Knockout M1-5 muscarinic receptors	Increase depth of ileal crypts, increase proliferation	Greig and Cowles (2017)
	Cholinergic agonist carbachol	Activate mAChR	Reduce proliferation	Takahashi et al. (2014)
	CaCo2 cell transfected with α2A epinephrine receptor	Activate α2A adrenergic receptor	Increase proliferation	Schaak et al. (2000)
	α2 adrenergic agonist clonidine	Activate α2 adrenergic receptor	Increase proliferation	Kennedy et al. (1983)
	α adrenergic antagonist phentolamine	Inhibit α adrenergic receptor	Reduce proliferation	Kennedy et al. (1983)
	α1 adrenergic agonist phenylephrine β adrenergic agonist isoprenaline	Inhibit α-1 and β adrenergic receptors	Inhibit proliferation	Kennedy et al. (1983)
	NE and ACH treatment	Activate adrenergic receptor	Reduce the expression of the cyclin D1	Davis et al. (2018)
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs)	Mouse small intestine	M1,3 muscarinic receptors	Specifically increase in ISCs relative to villus cells or Paneth cells	Davis et al. (2018)
	Rat small intestine	M3,5 muscarinic receptors	Expression in ISCs	Lundgren et al. (2011)
	Mouse small intestine	α2A adrenergic receptor	Specifically increase in ISCs relative to villus cells or Paneth cells	Davis et al. (2018)
	ISO treatment after chemotherapy	Activate β2 adrenergic receptor	Ameliorate the reduction in ISCs during chemotherapy	Zeng et al. (2020)