Table 4.
Comparison of clinical variables across the four clusters generated from Cohort-1 using k-means and from the normal-weight controls.
| NW | MHO | HMO-U | HMO-I | LMO | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1057 | 388 | 289 | 71 | 134 |
| Basic demographic information and obesity history | |||||
| Female patients, % | 78.9% §§ | 56.7% | 58.8% | 32.4% §§ | 51.5% |
| Age, years | 30 (25, 36) | 29 (23, 35) | 27 (19, 33) **## | 25 (18, 31) ** ## | 32 (28, 39) ** ## |
| Age at onset of obesity, years | NA | 20 (10, 27) | 16 (12, 25) | 13 (7, 17) # | 19 (7, 27) |
| Duration of obesity, years | NA | 8 (4, 16) | 8 (5, 15) | 9 (4, 14) | 12 (7, 22) ## |
| Anthropometric examinations and fat distribution | |||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 21.2 (19.9, 22.5) | 33.8 (30.2, 37.3) | 36.6 (32.9, 40.4) ** ## | 36.4 (33.2, 40.3) ** ## | 35.3 (31.2, 40.2) ** ## |
| Excess weight/healthy weight, % | NA | 40.7 (25.7, 55.5) | 52.5 (37.2, 68.4) ## | 51.6 (38.4, 67.8) # | 47.1 (29.8, 64.4) # |
| Waist to hip ratio | NA | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) ## | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) # | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) # |
| Trunk/limb fat mass ratio (DXA) | NA | 1.26 (1.08, 1.41) | 1.22 (1.08, 1.39) | 1.18 (1.10, 1.33) | 1.41 (1.25, 1.67) # |
| Trunk/legs fat percentage ratio (DXA) | NA | 1.10 (1.06, 1.23) | 1.12 (1.03, 1.19) | 1.18 (1.07, 1.28) | 1.24 (1.13, 1.36) # |
| Patients with acanthosis nigricans, % | NA | 36.9% | 59.1% ## | 74.6% ## | 39.7% |
| Glucose metabolism | |||||
| HbA1c, % | 5.3 (5.0, 6.0) | 5.6 (5.4, 6.1) ** | 5.7 (5.4, 6.2) ** | 5.7 (5.4, 5.8) | 8.0 (6.8, 9.3) ** ## |
| HOMA-β | 124 (78, 193) | 263 (176, 407) ** | 336 (238, 460) ** ## | 584 (474, 962) ** ## | 97 (57, 166) * ## |
| IGI | 16.58 (9.68, 26.32) | 28.97 (18.43, 43.30) ** | 33.69 (20.07, 51.90) ** | 76.48 (51.39, 111.61) ** ## | 4.72 (2.18, 8.50) ** ## |
| HOMA-IR | 2.01 (1.20, 3.06) | 4.78 (3.33, 7.17) ** | 7.20 (5.21, 9.79) ** ## | 9.67 (7.76, 13.19) ** ## | 9.45 (6.01, 13.92) ** ## |
| WBISI | 4.25 (2.90, 6.28) | 2.01 (1.40, 2.90) ** | 1.27 (1.00, 1.65) ** ## | 0.74 (0.55, 0.86) ** ## | 1.26 (0.92, 2.32) ** ## |
| DI (HOMA-β/HOMA-IR) | 63.83 (44.97, 89.44) | 55.15 (40.91, 72.12) ** | 47.17 (33.73, 65.60) ** ## | 60.00 (43.86, 88.93) | 11.30 (6.75, 17.61) ** ## |
| DI (IGI × WBISI) | 71.91 (39.81, 116.90) | 58.06 (33.30, 94.62) ** | 41.60 (23.71, 67.77) ** ## | 58.93 (34.37, 80.13) ** | 6.64 (3.10, 11.69) ** ## |
| Lipid metabolism | |||||
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.22 (3.76, 4.67) | 4.53 (4.03, 5.18) ** | 4.73 (4.20, 5.52) ** ## | 4.84 (4.20, 5.41) ** | 4.91 (4.17, 5.51) ** |
| LDL-c, mmol/L | 2.30 (2.00, 2.76) | 2.76 (2.31, 3.34) ** | 2.97 (2.52, 3.60) ** ## | 3.05 (2.61, 3.47) ** | 2.98 (2.14, 3.59) ** |
| HDL-c, mmol/L | 1.30 (1.20, 1.57) | 1.08 (0.95, 1.24) ** | 1.02 (0.90, 1.16) ** | 0.96 (0.85, 1.08) ** | 1.01 (0.84, 1.13) ** # |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 0.74 (0.60, 1.01) | 1.39 (1.02, 2.00) ** | 1.59 (1.20, 2.22) ** | 1.66 (1.25, 2.12) ** | 1.99 (1.56, 2.86) ** ## |
| Patients with carotid plaque or increased IMT (ultrasound), % | NA | 10.2% | 15.6% | 18.2% | 38.7% ## |
| Gynecological diseases | |||||
| Testosterone (women), nmol/L | NA | 0.96 (0.57, 1.38) | 1.50 (0.90, 2.09) ## | 1.72 (0.79, 2.24) | 1.18 (0.67, 1.92) |
| Patients with PCO (ultralsound), % | NA | 14.5% | 19.7% | 66.7% ## | 10.0% |
P values after Bonferroni correction are adjusted for age and sex except the analysis of basic demographic information and obesity history. BMI, body mass index; DI, Disposition indices; DXA, Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin a1c; HDL-c, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HMO-I, hypermetabolic obesity hyperinsulinemia subtype; HMO-U, hypermetabolic obesity hyperuricemia subtype; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homoeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; IGI, insulinogenic index; IMT, intima-media thickness; LDL-c, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; LMO, hypometabolic obesity; MHO, metabolic healthy obesity; NA, not applicable / not available; NW, normal-weight control; PCO, polycystic ovaries; WBISI, whole-body insulin sensitivity index. *P< 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. NW; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs. MHO; §§p < 0.01 vs. the whole obesity cohort distribution (only for the analysis of sex distribution)