TABLE 4.
Excretion studies of UH alkaloids.
| Study type | Drug/Route/Animal | Detected compound | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Urinary excretion | YGK (9.1 g/kg), oral, mice | GM and its metabolite 18-hydroxy-GM were detected in 8 h urine samples | Gai et al. (2014) |
| YKS (1 g/kg), oral, mice | GM was detected in urine samples collected during 24 h | Matsumoto et al. (2018) | |
| ICX (40 mg/kg), oral, rats | 12 metabolites: 11-hydroxy ICX, 5-oxoisocorynoxeinic acid-22-O-β-D-glucuronide, 10-hydroxy ICX, 17-O-demethyl-16,17-dihydro-5-oxo ICX, 5-oxoisocorynoxeinic acid, 21-hydroxy-5-oxo ICX, oxireno[18, 19]-5-oxo ICX, 18,19-dehydrocorynoxinic acid, 18,19-dehydrocorynoxinic acid B, CX, ICX-N-oxide, and CX-N-oxide | Qi et al. (2015) | |
| ICX (40 mg/kg), oral, rats | 33 metabolites produced by hydrolysis, oxidation, isomerization, demethylation, epoxidation, reduction, glucuronidation, hydroxylation, and N-oxidation | Zhao et al. (2016a) | |
| IRP (37.5 mg/kg), oral, rats | 10- and 11-hydroxylated metabolites of IPR | Wang et al. (2010a) | |
| RP (37.5 mg/kg), oral, rats | 10- and 11-hydroxylated metabolites of RP | Wang et al. (2010b) | |
| IRP, oral, rats | 47 metabolites produced by dehydrogenation, oxidation, hydrolysis, reduction, demethylation, hydroxylation and glucuronide conjugation | Wang et al. (2016a) | |
| HTE and HTI (50 mg/kg), oal, rats | 10- and 11-hydroxylated metabolites and 10- and 11-O-β-D-glucuronide conjugates | Nakazawa et al. (2006) | |
| Biliary excretion | Tianma-Gouteng Yin (2.5 and 5 g/kg), oral, rats | GM, CX, ICX, RP, IRP, HTE, and HTI | Zhan et al. (2017) |
| CX (0.105 mM/kg), oral, rats | 10-hydroxylated/10-O-β-D-glucuronide conjugates and 11-hydroxylated/11-O-β-D-glucuronide conjugates | Wang et al. (2014a) and Wang et al. (2014b) | |
| ICX (40 mg/k), oral, rats | 10-hydroxylated/10-O-β-D-glucuronide conjugates and 11-hydroxylated/11-O-β-D-glucuronide conjugates | Chen et al. (2014) | |
| IRP (37.5 mg/kg), oral, rats | 10-hydroxylated/10-O-β-D-glucuronide conjugates and 11-hydroxylated/11-O-β-D-glucuronide conjugates | Wang et al. (2010a) | |
| RP (37.5 mg/kg), oral, rats | 10-hydroxylated/10-O-β-D-glucuronide conjugates and 11-hydroxylated/11-O-β-D-glucuronide conjugates | Wang et al. (2010b) | |
| HTE and HTI (50 mg/kg), oal, rats | 10-hydroxylated/10-O-β-D-glucuronide conjugates and 11-hydroxylated/11-O-β-D-glucuronide conjugates | Nakazawa et al. (2006) |