TABLE 3.

Comparison between ROBINS-I and OSQE.

Section A: Overlap between ROBINS-I and OSQE^a.

ROBINS-I	Bias due to …	OSQE cohort	OSQE case–control
Pre-intervention	.. Confounding	13	13
	.. Selection of participants	1	1
At intervention	.. Classification of interventions	3	3
Post-intervention	.. Deviation from intended interventions	4 b	4 b
	.. Missing data	10, 11	9, 11
	.. Measurement of the outcomes	5, 6	6
	.. Selection of the reported results	14	14

^aROBINS-I and OSQE have in common that raters are asked to define several items, before starting to rate, for example, the dependent and independent variables of interest. ROBINS-I additionally asks for the research question and PICO (patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome).

^bSimilar but not the same.