Table 3.

CV medication harm after hospital discharge and in ambulatory care.

Author	Type of study	Patient population/(n =)	Country	Type of medication harm	Incidence	% of medication harm caused by CV medications	CV medication ranked against other drug classes	Outcomes
Systematic review
Parekh et al. 92	SR of 8 POS/ROS	⩾65 years/(n = 8 studies, 10,945 patients combined)	–	ADRs and ADEs a	0.4–51.2% of patients	18.8–55.7% of events	1st	Preventable: 35–59%
Observational studies
Gandhi et al. 93	PCS	Outpatients/(n = 1202)	USA	ADE a	25%	9% (BB) 8% (ACE-I) of ADEs	2nd 3rd	Severity: 3.6% Preventable: 3.0%
Gurwitz et al. 90	RCS	Outpatients ⩾65 years/(n = 27,617)	USA	ADE	50.1 events per 1000 person-years	24.5%	1st	Severity: 38% serious, life threatening or fatal
Carnovale et al. 94	PCS	⩾65 years/(n = 1073 cases)	Italy	ADR a	NR	7.8% of ADRs	6th	Severity: 18% of ADRs were serious Preventable: 7.3%
Mann et al. 95	RCS	⩾18 years admitted to Hospital at Home service/(n = 50)	USA	ADE a	22% of patients	21.4% of ADEs	2nd (diuretics)	Preventable: 7.1%
Parekh et al. 96	PCS	⩾65 years/(n = 1280)	England	MRHa,b	37%	22.4% (anti-HTN), 12.2% (diuretics) of MRH	1st (anti-HTN) 3rd (diuretics)	Severity: 1.0% fatal, 2.2% life threatening Preventable: 14%

^aIncludes medication errors.

^bIncludes ADR, medication errors or harm caused by non-adherence.

ACE-I, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ADE, adverse drug event; ADR, adverse drug reaction; AE, adverse events; anti-HTN, antihypertensives; BB, beta-blockers; CV, cardiovascular; ME, medication error; MRH, medication-related harm; NR, not reported; OS, observational study; pADE, preventable adverse drug event; PCS, prospective cohort study; POS, prospective observational study; RCS, retrospective cohort study; ROS, retrospective observational study; SR, systematic review; USA, United States of America.