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. 2021 Jul 14;15:680214. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.680214

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Copyright © 2021 Carthy and Ellender.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Interactions and mediators between mast cells, microglia and astrocytes in the brain. Bidirectional interactions are demonstrated between each cell type with the mediators involved in boxes. Different mediators are released in response to cellular activation, which are shown for each cell type. Image created with BioRender.com. ATP, adenosine triphosphate; BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor; CCL5, C–C motif chemokine ligand 5; C5a, complement 5a; CXCR4, CXC chemokine receptor 4; GDNF, glial derived neurotrophic factor; IL, interleukin; MCP, mast cell protease; NO, nitric oxide; NT3, neurotensin 3; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TLR, toll like receptor; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.