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. 2021 Jul 28;25:24. doi: 10.1186/s40824-021-00226-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — A Experimental set up for skin permeation test using iontophoresis. B In vitro drug release profiles of drug-loaded AuNP oleogels (d-AuNP) on skin. C Fluorescence spectroscopy images obtained from skin permeation experiment after 1 h of application. Arrows mark the top surface of the skin segment treated with d-AuNP. D A schematic illustration of sonophoresis-assisted transdermal drug delivery. E Penetration pathways of LaNO3 after treatment with low frequency sonophoresis, and TEM images of SC after treatment with low frequency sonophoresis using RuO4 fixation in the absence of low frequency sonophoresis (left) and after 5 min (middle) and 10 min (right) of treatment with low frequency sonophoresis. F Schematic Illustration Showing the Fabrication Process of the MTX-Loaded HA-Based Dissolving MN Patch. G Quantitative analysis of epidermal thickness. H Therapeutic effects of MTX-loaded MNs and oral administration of the same dose and a double dose of MTX on IMQ-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation. Representative photographs of left ear lesions and skin sections stained with H&E and Ki67 on day 7. A, B, C Reproduced from [29], copyright permission by American Chemical Society 2020. D Reproduced from [74], copyright permission by Springer Nature 2021. E Reproduced from [40], copyright permission by Elsevier 2010. F, G, H Reproduced from [54], copyright permission by American Chemical Society 2019