Table 4.
The association between early-life risk factors and individual conditions at age 46–48
| N = 7951 | Mental health | Arthritis | Diabetes | Asthma | Hypertension |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relative risk (95%CI) | |||||
| Father’s social class at birtha | |||||
| I – professional (reference) | 1.00 | 1.00* | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00* |
| II – managerial and technical | 1.15 (0.89, 1.50) | 0.86 (0.56, 1.36) | 2.11 (0.83, 5.36) | 1.31 (0.96, 1.80) | 1.05 (0.75, 1.48) |
| III – skilled non-manual/manual | 1.28 (1.01, 1.61) | 1.29 (0.89, 1.86) | 2.94 (1.22, 7.10) | 1.16 (0.87, 1.54) | 1.41 (1.05, 1.88) |
| IV – partly-skilled | 1.47 (1.14, 1.89) | 1.25 (0.83, 1.89) | 3.38 (1.37, 8.35) | 1.15 (0.83, 1.58) | 1.66 (1.22, 2.27) |
| V – unskilled | 1.54 (1.14, 2.10) | 1.86 (1.19, 2.91) | 3.29 (1.26, 8.56) | 1.09 (0.73, 1.63) | 1.52 (1.05, 2.20) |
| Birthweightb | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) | 0.95 (0.81, 1.10) | 0.71 (0.55, 0.91) | 0.85 (0.75, 0.96) | 0.80 (0.72, 0.89)* |
| Cognitive ability (age 10)c | 0.90 (0.84, 0.96)* | 0.92 (0.84, 1.02) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) | 0.93 (0.87, 1.00) |
| BMI (age 10)d | 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 1.19 (1.13, 1.25)* | 1.00 (0.97, 1.04) | 1.10 (1.06, 1.13)* |
| Internalising problems (age 16)e | 1.18 (1.13, 1.24)* | 1.06 (0.97, 1.15) | 0.97 (0.85, 1.12) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.12) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) |
| Externalising problems (age 16)f | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.15) | 1.07 (0.95, 1.20) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) |
aAdjusted for gender
bAdjusted for gender, father’s social class at birth, mother ever smoked during pregnancy, mother’s height, mother’s marital status at birth, and mother being a teen at birth
cAdjusted for gender, father’s social class at birth, birthweight, mother ever smoked during pregnancy, mother breastfed, mother’s height, mother’s marital status at birth, mother being a teen at birth, household tenure (age 5–10), parental interest in child’s education (age 10), overcrowding (age 5), length of time absent from school due to illness (age 10), parental divorce (age 0–16), mother’s mental health (age 10), and BMI (age 10)
dAdjusted for gender, father’s social class at birth, birthweight, mother ever smoked during pregnancy, mother breastfed, mother’s height, mother’s marital status at birth, mother being a teen at birth, household tenure (age 5–10), parental interest in child’s education (age 10), overcrowding (age 5), length of time absent from school due to illness (age 10), parental divorce (age 0–16), mother’s mental health (age 10), and cognitive ability (age 10)
eAdjusted for gender, father’s social class at birth, birthweight, mother ever smoked during pregnancy, mother breastfed, mother’s height, mother’s marital status at birth, mother being a teen at birth, household tenure (age 5–10), parental interest in child’s education (age 10), overcrowding (age 5), length of time absent from school due to illness (age 10), parental divorce (age 0–16), mother’s mental health (age 10), cognitive ability (age 10), BMI (age 10), and externalising problems (age 16)
fAdjusted for gender, father’s social class at birth, birthweight, mother ever smoked during pregnancy, mother breastfed, mother’s height, mother’s marital status at birth, mother being a teen at birth, household tenure (age 5–10), parental interest in child’s education (age 10), overcrowding (age 5), length of time absent from school due to illness (age 10), parental divorce (age 0–16), mother’s mental health (age 10) cognitive ability (age 10), BMI (age 10), and internalising problems (age 16)
*Significant at p-value (after the Bonferroni correction) = 0.003(for father’s social class at birth, it refers to all categories combined)