Table 1.
Different experimental models and design using exosomes to induce anti-tumor immune responses against several types of cancer.
| Experimental model | Cancer type | Experimental design | Clinical outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C57BL/6 mice; Hepa1-6, 4T1, Hela, and EL4 cell lines | HCC | Intravenous injection of DCs pulsed with TDE-N1ND | Generation of long-term memory T cells and robust anti-tumor immunity | (115) |
| C57BL/6 and IRF3-KO mice; E0771 cell line | Breast | Cancer cells treated with topotecan | TDEs from treated cells contain immunostimulatory DNA | (127) |
| C57BL/6 mice; A549 and LLC cell lines | Lung | Vaccination with 3 doses of DCs pulsed with TDEs | TDEs promoted DC maturation, which increased tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in mice | (107) |
| Zipras/myc-9-infected C57BL/6 | Prostate | Vaccination with 4 doses of TDEs pulsed with IFN‐γ | Prolonged survival time, attenuated expression of PD-L1, reduced tumor metastasis rate | (126) |
| C57BL/6 and CD45.1 mice | – | Antigen transfer from DEXs released by plasmacytoid DCs to conventional DCs | Cross-priming of naïve CD8+ T cells | (128) |
| C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice; Hepa1-6, RAW264.7, LLC, and 4T1 cell lines | Lung and liver | Vaccination with a single dose of exosomes from cancer-bearing mice after photothermal therapy | Promoted infiltration of T cells into the tumor tissue | (129) |
| Transgenic HLA-A2/HER2 mice; 4T1 and BT474 cell lines | Breast | Vaccination with a single dose of DEXs from HuRt-specific DCs transfected with an adenoviral vector | Activation of CD8+ T cell cytolytic functions against breast cancer cells in vitro and reduced tumor growth in vivo | (130) |
| BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice; H22, B16, and CT26 cell lines | Melanoma, liver, and colon | Vaccination with 3 doses of TDEs released by different cancer cell lines | Promoted DC maturation and elicited T cell anti-tumor responses | (131) |
| HepG2 and K562 cell lines | HCC | Isolation of exosomes released by cancer cells treated with anti-cancer drugs | TDEs exhibited heat shock proteins in their surface that activated NK anti-tumor response | (132) |
| 4T1 | Breast | Modified TDEs with microRNAs to enhance their immune stimulation function | Modified TDEs induced DC maturation in vitro | (133) |