Table 1.
Baseline outpatient characteristics, DKA diagnosis, and clinical outcomes.
| Full Cohort | No DKA Full Cohort | No DKA Only DM Cohort | DKA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 2366 | n = 2209 | n = 798 | n = 157 | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 64.2 ± 17.7 | 64.3 ± 17.9 | 69.3 + 13.8* | 63.6 ± 14.2 |
| Sex (female) | 43.2% | 44.1%* | 44.5%* | 31.2% |
| Race (Black) | 20.10% | 20.40% | 22.6% | 22.30% |
| Ethnicity (Hispanic/Latino) | 52.5% | 52.5% | 54.6% | 53.5% |
| Past Medical History | ||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
| <18.5 | 3.0% | 3.2% | 3.4% | 4.5% |
| 18.5 < 25.0 | 23.1% | 22.7% | 21.7% | 29.3% |
| 25.0 < 30.0 | 29.6% | 29.6% | 30.5% | 30.6% |
| >30.0 | 33.0% | 33.3% | 37.3% | 29.3% |
| missing | 11.0% | 11.3% | 7.1% | 6.4% |
| Diabetes mellitus† | 40.4% | 36.2%* | 100% | 100% |
| Chronic kidney disease | 13.2% | 13.2% | 22.8%* | 14.0% |
| Hypertension | 60.6% | 60.4% | 84.0%* | 63.7% |
| Pulmonary disease | 17.8% | 18.2%* | 19.8%* | 10.8% |
| Liver disease | 4.9% | 4.9% | 5.3% | 4.5% |
| COVID Treatment Medications | ||||
| Steroids‡ | 26.0% | 25.1%* | 26.6%* | 37.6% |
| Tocilizumab | 5.4% | 5.3% | 4.4% | 7.0% |
| Remdesivir | 2.2% | 2.2% | 1.6% | 1.9% |
| None | 72.4% | 73.3%* | 72.4%* | 59.9% |
| Illness Severity | ||||
| Vasopressors and/or inotropes§ | 17.2% | 16.3%* | 17.0%* | 28.7% |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 17.3% | 16.3%* | 17.4%* | 31.2% |
| Kidney replacement therapy|| | 5.2% | 4.7%* | 5.3%* | 12.1% |
| maximum Lactate (n=1981) | 2.8 ± 2.5 | 2.7 + 2.4* | 2.8 + 2.3* | 4.0 ± 3.0 |
| DKA Details | ||||
| Prior diabetes mellitus diagnosis | ||||
| Type 1 diabetes mellitus | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.6% |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 40.2% | 36.0%* | 99.5% | 99.4% |
| No prior diabetes mellitus | 59.6% | 63.8% | 0% | 0% |
| Initial glucose >250mg/dL | 15.80% | 11.3%* | 25.2%* | 79.0% |
| Inpatient HbA1c, % (n=780) | 8.0 ± 2.4 | 7.4 + 2.0* | 8.2 + 2.0* | 10.7 ± 2.8 |
| Time to DKA diagnosis (hours) | – | – | – | 6.0 ± 9.7 |
| Lactate at DKA diagnosis (n = 140) | – | – | – | 3.4 ± 2.4 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Median hospital LOS (days) | 6.0 (8.0) | 6.0 (8.0)* | 6.0 (8.0)* | 7.0 (10.0) |
| Mortality | 26.3% | 25.6%* | 28.8%* | 36.9% |
⁎
represents P < 0.05 compared to the DKA group.
†
prevalance of DM was 100% in the DKA group as DKA was a DM defining event.
‡
including prednisone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisone, and dexamethasone
§
including vasopressin, neosynephrine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, angiotensin II, dopamine, dobutamine, and milrinone
||
patients on kidney replacement therapy for ESRD excluded (i.e. only AKI indication)
DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; SGLT-2, sodium glucose transporter-2; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; LOS, length of stay.