Table 2.
Changes in neuropsychiatric performance during COVID-19 pandemic confinement.
| Overal | AD | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Follow-up | p-value | Baseline | Follow-up | p-value | |
| Follow-up Interval, mean (SD) | 14.07 ± 2.87 | 13.95 ± 2.61 | ||||
| Confinement Interval, mean (SD) | 9.01 ± 1.82 | 8.89 ± 1.91 | ||||
| CDR, (n, %) | 1.81 ± 0.89 | 1.83 ± 0.91 | 0.038 | 1.92 ± 0.82 | 1.91 ± 0.83 | ns |
| 0.5 | 20 (9.8) | 27 (13.2) | ns | - | 7 (5.3) | ns |
| 1 | 67 (32.7) | 55 (26.8) | ns | 49 (37.4) | 38 (29.0) | ns |
| 2 | 60 (29.3) | 63 (30.7) | ns | 43 (32.8) | 49 (37.4) | ns |
| 3 | 58 (28.3) | 60 (29.3) | ns | 39 (29.8) | 37 (28.2) | ns |
| C-MMSE, mean (SD) | 16.50 ± 8.16 | 14.96 ± 9.02 | <0.001 | 15.64 ± 7.32 | 14.24 ± 8.15 | <0.001 |
| MOCA, mean (SD) | 12.60 ± 7.54 | 11.47 ± 8.18 | <0.001 | 11.76 ± 6.84 | 10.65 ± 7.41 | <0.001 |
| ADL, mean (SD) | 30.97 ± 13.60 | 36.67 ± 18.61 | <0.001 | 31.06 ± 13.31 | 37.40 ± 18.12 | <0.001 |
| NPI, (n, %) | 8.15 ± 10.35 | 10.40 ± 12.70 | 0.001 | 7.27 ± 9.61 | 9.63 ± 12.37 | 0.028 |
| Delusions | 36 (17.6) | 34 (16.6) | ns | 20 (15.3) | 17 (13.0) | ns |
| Hallucinations | 39 (19.0) | 47 (22.9) | ns | 21 (16.0) | 29 (22.1) | ns |
| Agitation | 53 (25.9) | 46 (22.4) | ns | 30 (22.9) | 25 (19.1) | ns |
| Depression | 56 (27.3) | 63 (30.7) | ns | 37 (28.2) | 36 (27.5) | ns |
| Anxiety | 53 (25.9) | 53 (25.9) | ns | 32 (24.4) | 30 (22.9) | ns |
| Euphoria | 6 (2.9) | 10 (4.9) | ns | 3 (2.3) | 7 (5.3) | ns |
| Apathy | 73 (35.6) | 72 (35.1) | ns | 48 (36.6) | 40 (30.5) | ns |
| Disinhibition | 20 (9.8) | 23 (11.2) | ns | 9 (6.9) | 12 (9.2) | ns |
| Irritability | 70 (34.1) | 73 (35.6) | ns | 38 (29.0) | 42 (32.1) | ns |
| Aberrant motor behavior | 41 (20.0) | 48 (23.4) | ns | 25 (19.1) | 33 (25.2) | ns |
| Sleep disturbances | 57 (27.8) | 76 (37.1) | ns | 27 (20.6) | 43 (32.8) | 0.035 |
| Appetite disturbances | 39 (19.0) | 37 (18.0) | ns | 28 (21.4) | 25 (19.1) | ns |
CI, cognitive impairment; AD, Alzheimer's disease; SD, standard deviation; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rate; C-MMSE, Chinese Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment; ADL, the activities of daily living; NPI, the Neuropsychiatric Inventory.