TABLE 1.
Characteristics of Urate transporters.
| Transporter | Location in kidney | Mutation | Function of transporters |
|---|---|---|---|
| SLC2A9 (GLUT9) | Apical and basolateral membranes of the renal proximal tubule | R198W, R380C, P412R Anzai et al. (2008); Dinour et al. (2010); Kawamura et al. (2011) | Urate reabsorption |
| SLC16A9 (MCT9) | In the kidney and adrenal gland | rs1171614 Butler et al. (2021) | Related to UA levels |
| rs2242206 Nakayama et al. (2013) | |||
| SLC17A1 (NPT1) | Apical membrane of the renal proximal tubule | rs1165196 Chiba et al. (2015); Sakiyama et al. (2016) | Urate absorption and efflux |
| I269T Sakiyama et al. (2016) | |||
| SLC17A3 (NPT4) | Apical side of renal tubules | rs9393672 Sakiyama et al. (2016); Jutabha et al. (2010); Riches et al. (2009) | Urate excretion |
| rs942379 Sakiyama et al. (2016); Jutabha et al. (2010); Riches et al. (2009) | |||
| SLC22A6 (OAT1) | Basolateral side of the proximal tubule | ---- | Urate excretion |
| SLC22A7 (OAT2) | Mainly distributed in the kidney | C329T, G571A, G1520A Xu et al. (2005); Kato et al. (2015) | Urate secretion |
| SLC22A8 (OAT3) | In the basolateral side of the proximal tubule | ---- | Urate excretion |
| SLC22A11 (OAT4) | Proximal tubules of the kidney and other marginal epithelia | rs2078267 Kenny et al. (2011); Flynn et al. (2013) | Urate reabsorption |
| rs2186571 Kenny et al. (2011); Flynn et al. (2013) | |||
| rs17299124 Sakiyama et al. (2014) | |||
| rs17300741 Sakiyama et al. (2014) | |||
| SLC22A12 (URAT1) | Apical membrane of the proximal tubule | rs475688 Pavelcova et al. (2021) | Urate reabsorption |
| ABCG2 | Renal tubules and mesentery | V12M, Q126X, Q141K, G268R, S441N, and F506SfsX4 Matsuo et al. (2009) | Urate excretion |
| PDZK1 | Apical membrane of the kidney proximal tubule | rs12129861 Butler et al. (2021) | Regulate the transport and activity of various transport proteins in the proximal tubules |