TABLE 1.

Animal studies of epilepsy prevention using repurposable drugs

Drug	Model (studies, n)					Dose range, mg/kg/da	Human equivalent dose/d, 60-kg person, mgb	FDA-allowed max dose, mg/d	Time to treatment from injury	Treatment duration	Blood/ brain levelsc	Sufficient data for clinical translation?d
	Kindling	SE	TBI in vivo	TBI in vitro	Genetic/other
Levetiracetam	>5	5	3	1	2	7–700	68–6780	3000	Pre-24 h post	1 dose/3.5 mo	1/0	Yes
Brivaracetam	2	0	0	0	0	0.21–6.8 (m),e 10–100	11–978	200	Pre	1–19 d	0/0	No
Losartan	2	2	2f	0	0	1–100	68–978	100	Pre-40 min	1 dose/28 d	0/0	No
Isoflurane	0	2	0	0	0	l%-2%	l%-2%	l%-3%	1–24 h	4 × 1 h, 1 d	0/0	No
Anakinra	1	2	0	0	0	25–100	240–978	100	Pre-3 h	1–21 d	0/0	No
n-Acetylcysteine	0	1	1	0	0	100–1000	978–9780	300 mg/kg/d	0–1 h	14–35 d	0/0	No
Atorvastatin/statinsg	1	4	0	0	1	10–100g	97–978	80	Pre-3 h	14–49 d	0/0	No
Ceftriaxone	0	0	1	0	0	200	1.9 g	4 g	30 min	7 d	0/0	No
Gabapentinoids	0	2	0	3	1	100–400 G 50–100 P	978–3870 486–978	3.6 g G 600 mg Pg	1 h-7 d	3–21 d	0/0	No
Topiramate	2	2	0	0	0	10–200	978–1935	400	During-1 h	1 dose/15 d	0/0	No
Rapamycin	0	2	1	0	0	3–6 rat 40 (m)	28.8–198	<40	Pre-5 h after	5–28 d	0/0	No
Vigabatrin	2	2	0	0	1	75–1500	726–14 514	3g	Pre-2 d	10 d-4 mo	0/0	No
Fingolimod	0	2	0	0	1	1 rat 6 (m)	9.6–28.8	0.5 mg	Pre-24 h after	2–17 wk	0/0	No
Eslicarbazepine	0	1	0	0	0	150–300 (m)	732–1464	1200 mg	9 d after	6 wk	1/1	No

Abbreviations: FDA, US Food and Drug Administration; G, gabapentin; m, mice; P, pregabalin; SE, status epilepticus; TBI, traumatic brain injury.

^aDoses are in mg/kg/d unless otherwise indicated.

^bHuman equivalent dose in mg/kg was calculated using the formula described in Nair and Jacob,²⁹³ then applied to a 60-kg human.

^c0 = not done, 1 = done.

^dMinimal requirements for clinical translation: dose within human dosing range; treatment window > 1 hour for acute injury; plasma levels to target in humans.

^eAll studies are in rats except where mice are indicated.

^fModels of blood-brain disruption and/or cortex exposure to albumin.

^gDose is for atorvastatin.^149–151