Fig. 4.

PCBs increase bladder volume in developmentally exposed male but not female mice. Mice were exposed to PCBs via the maternal diet throughout gestation and lactation and bladder metrics measured in male and female offspring at postnatal day (P) 28–31. (A-B) Bladder volume normalized to body mass, (C-D) Bladder mass normalized to body mass. Results are mean ± SEM, n values for vehicle control, 0.1, 1.0, and 6.0 mg/kg/d PCB dose groups, respectively, were (A-B) Males n = 20,23,18,16; Females 4,7,8,6; (C-D) Males n = 22,26,27,17; Females 4,10,8,10. Samples were obtained from 6 to 8 litters for male and 3–4 litters for female. *Significantly different from same sex vehicle control as determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests, p ≤ 0.05. A mixed effects model to control for litter (nested one-way ANOVA in Prism) revealed the same statistical differences.