. 2021 Jul 28;129(7):077005. doi: 10.1289/EHP7797

Table 3.

Association between ever-use of pesticides and incident shingles.

Specific pesticides	Total sample				Without baseline autoimmune/lymphoid malignancies^a
	Age (y)	Noncases	Cases	HR (95% CI)^b	Age (y)	Noncases	Cases	HR (95% CI)^b
	Age (y)	$N = 11,690$ %	( $N = 590$ ) %	HR (95% CI)^b	Age (y)	( $N = 10,045$ ) %	( $N = 532$ ) %	HR (95% CI)^b
Insecticides
Pyrethroids
Permethrin (crops)	—	13	14	1.25 (0.97, 1.60)	—	13	14	1.24 (0.95, 1.60)
Permethrin (animals)	—	15	13	1.02 (0.79, 1.32)	—	15	13	1.05 (0.80, 1.37)
Organophosphates
Coumaphos	—	10	14	1.35 (1.06, 1.73)	—	10	14	1.40 (1.08, 1.81)
Dichlorvos	—	13	14	0.97 (0.76, 1.25)	—	13	14	1.02 (0.79, 1.32)
Chlorpyrifos	$\leq 60$	46	49	1.18 (0.91, 1.53)	—	43	39	0.95 (0.80, 1.14)
Chlorpyrifos	$> 60$	40	33	0.78 (0.62, 0.98)	—	—	—	—
Diazinon	—	37	44	1.15 (0.97, 1.36)	—	38	43	1.12 (0.94, 1.34)
Fonofos	$\leq 60$	22	22	0.91 (0.65, 1.26)	$\leq 60$	23	21	0.88 (0.63, 1.23)
Fonofos	$> 60$	24	27	1.24 (0.95, 1.62)	$> 60$	24	28	1.27 (0.96, 1.67)
Malathion	—	78	84	1.36 (1.09, 1.71)	—	78	84	1.32 (1.05, 1.67)
Parathion	—	17	24	1.30 (1.07, 1.59)	—	17	24	1.36 (1.10, 1.67)
Phorate^b	$\leq 60$	38	44	1.20 (0.91, 1.60)	$\leq 60$	37	44	1.22 (0.91, 1.64)
Phorate^b	$> 60$	43	40	0.83 (0.65, 1.06)	$> 60$	43	39	0.79 (0.61, 1.02)
Terbufos	—	40	42	1.12 (0.93, 1.34)	$\leq 60$	42	49	1.59 (1.20, 2.10)
Terbufos	—	—	—	—	$> 60$	39	36	0.83 (0.64, 1.08)
Carbamates
Aldicarb	—	10	10	1.00 (0.75, 1.34)	—	10	11	1.09 (0.81, 1.47)
Carbaryl	—	62	70	1.12 (0.93, 1.35)	—	63	68	1.07 (0.88, 1.30)
Carbofuran	—	31	32	0.94 (0.79, 1.13)	—	30	30	0.91 (0.75, 1.10)
Organochlorines
Aldrin	—	25	36	1.12 (0.93, 1.35)	—	23	34	1.13 (0.92, 1.37)
Chlordane^b	$\leq 60$	20	26	0.76 (0.56, 1.04)	$\leq 60$	20	26	0.75 (0.53, 1.03)
Chlordane^b	$> 60$	45	53	1.29 (1.04, 1.61)	$> 60$	45	53	1.28 (1.02, 1.62)
Dieldrin	—	9	13	0.93 (0.72, 1.20)	—	9	13	0.94 (0.72, 1.23)
DDT	—	32	47	1.01 (0.84, 1.21)	—	31	46	1.02 (0.84, 1.23)
Heptachlor	—	21	27	0.92 (0.75, 1.13)	—	21	27	0.90 (0.73, 1.12)
Lindane	—	26	33	1.25 (1.04, 1.49)	—	26	32	1.21 (1.00, 1.46)
Toxaphene	—	18	22	0.98 (0.81, 1.20)	—	17	21	0.94 (0.76, 1.16)
Fumigants
Methylbromide	—	14	18	1.34 (1.04, 1.74)	—	14	19	1.36 (1.03, 1.80)
Aluminum phosphide	—	6	6	1.14 (0.82, 1.59)	—	6	7	1.24 (0.87, 1.77)
Carbon tetrachloride/disulfide	—	8	13	1.22 (0.95, 1.56)	—	8	13	1.27 (0.97, 1.67)
Ethylene dibromide	—	7	10	1.46 (1.10, 1.93)	—	6	10	1.53 (1.13, 2.08)
Fungicides
Benomyl^b	—	11	14	1.34 (1.03, 1.73)	—	11	14	1.30 (0.99, 1.70)
Captan	—	12	13	1.12 (0.87, 1.44)	—	12	13	1.12 (0.85, 1.47)
Chlorothalonil	—	7	6	0.89 (0.62, 1.26)	—	7	6	0.86 (0.59, 1.25)
Maneb/mancozeb	$\leq 60$	9	18	1.93 (1.36, 2.74)	$\leq 60$	9	18	2.01 (1.40, 2.89)
Maneb/mancozeb	$> 60$	14	15	1.10 (0.80, 1.51)	$> 60$	14	14	1.11 (0.79, 1.56)
Metalaxyl^c	$\leq 60$	23	30	1.14 (0.84, 1.56)	$\leq 60$	23	30	1.24 (0.90, 1.71)
Metalaxyl^c	$> 60$	26	23	0.87 (0.66, 1.14)	$> 60$	26	24	0.86 (0.64, 1.16)
Herbicides
Analides/analines
Alachlor	—	57	60	1.11 (0.93, 1.32)	—	56	59	1.06 (0.88, 1.28)
Metolachlor^b	—	48	47	1.03 (0.86, 1.23)	$\leq 60$	50	53	1.29 (0.97, 1.71)
Metolachlor^b					$> 60$	45	43	0.90 (0.70, 1.16)
Pendimethalin	—	46	46	1.10 (0.94, 1.30)	—	46	45	1.06 (0.89, 1.26)
Trifluralin	—	54	58	1.18 (0.98, 1.41)	—	54	59	1.21 (1.00, 1.46)
Phenoxy
2,4-D	—	79	84	1.30 (1.03, 1.64)	—	79	84	1.26 (0.99, 1.61)
2,4,5-T	—	29	39	1.10 (0.92, 1.31)	—	29	39	1.15 (0.96, 1.39)
2,4,5-TP	—	12	18	1.28 (1.03, 1.59)	—	12	18	1.34 (1.07, 1.68)
Thiocarbamate
EPTC	—	22	20	1.01 (0.81, 1.25)	—	21	21	1.07 (0.85, 1.34)
Triazine/triazinone
Atrazine	—	74	74	1.00 (0.84, 1.22)	—	74	73	1.05 (0.85, 1.30)
Cyanazine	—	45	48	1.22 (1.01, 1.47)	—	45	49	1.29 (1.06, 1.58)
Metribuzin	—	50	53	1.18 (0.98, 1.41)	—	50	53	1.20 (0.99, 1.45)
Other
Butylate	—	37	39	1.12 (0.94, 1.33)	—	37	39	1.12 (0.93, 1.34)
Chlorymuron ethyl	—	40	40	1.12 (0.95, 1.33)	—	40	39	1.08 (0.90, 1.29)
Dicamba	—	54	54	1.05 (0.86, 1.28)	—	55	54	1.08 (0.87, 1.33)
Glyphosate	—	78	83	1.43 (1.14, 1.78)	—	78	83	1.40 (1.11, 1.77)
Imazethapyr	$\leq 60$	50	44	0.88 (0.67, 1.16)	—	46	42	1.05 (0.86, 1.29)
Imazethapyr	$> 60$	40	41	1.18 (0.92, 1.50)	—	—	—	—
Paraquat	$\leq 60$	22	27	1.15 (0.84, 1.56)	$\leq 60$	22	27	1.20 (0.87, 1.65)
Paraquat	$> 60$	24	30	1.38 (1.08, 1.75)	$> 60$	24	31	1.42 (1.10, 1.82)
Petroleum oil/distillates	—	51	53	1.11 (0.94, 1.31)		51	54	1.16 (0.97, 1.38)

Note: Estimates were derived using Cox proportional hazard models with age as the time scale, limited to pesticides with at least 10 exposed cases. When proportional hazards were not met, HRs were stratified by median attained age (60 y). All models were adjusted for state, with additional adjustment for education or correlated pesticides as indicated for specific exposures. —, Not applicable; 2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-T, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2,4,5-TP, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid; CI, confidence interval; DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; EPTC, S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate; HR, hazard ratio.

^{^a}

Sensitivity analysis excludes those with prevalent autoimmune diseases or leukemia/lymphoma (645 controls and 58 cases); age group “overall” is listed when age stratification was no longer justified based on violation of proportional hazards assumption.

^{^b}

Adjusted for state and education.

^{^c}

Adjusted for state and methylbromide exposure.