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. 2021 Jul 14;11:668349. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.668349

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Copyright © 2021 Gunaydin

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Polarization of Macrophages. Monocytes from blood differentiate into functionally distinct populations. M1 macrophages are induced by various stimuli such as IFNγ. They demonstrate pro-inflammatory and microbicidal effects. M2 macrophages are induced by stimuli such as IL-4, IL-13 and they show anti-inflammatory effects. M2 macrophages may be further divided into subpopulations such as M2a, M2b and M2c. IFNγ, interferon gamma; IL, interleukin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide.