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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 28.
Published in final edited form as: Am Econ J Econ Policy. 2018 Nov;10(4):1–35. doi: 10.1257/pol.20170082

Figure 1: Trends in Drug Overdose Deaths: Prescription Opioids and Heroin.

Figure 1:

Notes: Deaths per 100,000 population from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS). Opioid overdose deaths are coded using ICD-10 codes for underlying cause of death X40–X44, X60–X64, X85, and Y10–Y14 with a multiple cause code of T40.2 for natural and semisynthetic opioids (e.g., oxycodone and hydrocodone), T40.3 for methadone, and T40.4 for synthetic opioids excluding methadone (e.g., fentanyl and tramadol). Heroin deaths are coded using T40.1 and a drug poisoning underlying cause of death.