Table 7:

Alternative Explanations for Increase in Heroin Deaths

Outcome:	Heroin Deaths per 100,000
	Main Result	Add PDMP	Must Access	Add MMLs	Add Pill Mill Laws	No FL	No Pill Mill States	West Only
Initial OxyContin (3 Year Effect)	2.804*** (1.041)	2.815*** (1.047)	2.469** (1.009)	2.374** (0.974)	2.523** (1.065)	2.731** (1.050)	2.239** (1.006)	2.727 (1.710)
Mean of Dep. Variable (2008–09)	1.060	1.060	1.060	1.060	1.060	1.091	1.101	1.187
Number of Observations	306	306	306	306	306	300	288	78

Notes: Standard errors in parentheses adjusted for clustering at the state-level. State fixed effects, year fixed effects, and the full set of state and time-varying covariates (excluding policy variables) are included in all specifications. Each model also includes a linear trend interacted with initial nonmedical OxyContin misuse as well as a post-2011 indicator interacted with initial nonmedical OxyContin misuse. Finally, a separate post-2011 linear trend interacted with initial nonmedical OxyContin misuse is also included. We report the 3 year post-2011 effect of the initial OxyContin variable. Regressions are weighted by population. “No Pill Mill States” means that Florida, Kentucky, and West Virginia are excluded. “West Only” means that only states in the West Census Region are included in the sample.

^***Significant at the 1% level

^**Significant at the 5% level

^*Significant at the 10% level.