. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 28.

Published in final edited form as: J Marriage Fam. 2020 Apr 9;83(1):57–74. doi: 10.1111/jomf.12681

Table 3.

OLS Regression of Loneliness on Social Relationship Variables, N = 3,567

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5	Model 6
Sexual orientation (ref: heterosexual with no same-sex experience)
LGB	0.35^**	0.22^*	0.25^**	0.29^**	0.33^**	0.12
LGB	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.10)	(0.11)	(0.10)
Heterosexual with same-sex experience	0.12^*	0.10	0.11^*	0.09	0.12^*	0.08
Heterosexual with same-sex experience	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.05)	(0.06)	(0.05)
Age	−0.01^**	−0.01^***	−0.00	0.00	−0.00^*	−0.00
Age	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Female	0.13^***	0.06	0.18^***	0.22^***	0.15^***	0.15^***
Female	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Education (ref: less than high school)
High school or equivalent	−0.04	−0.03	−0.05	−0.03	−0.02	−0.04
High school or equivalent	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.06)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.06)
Some college/associate degree	−0.02	−0.00	−0.02	−0.01	0.02	0.02
Some college/associate degree	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
Bachelor’s degree and more	−0.08	−0.04	−0.06	−0.03	−0.02	0.02
Bachelor’s degree and more	(0.07)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.07)	(0.06)
Race/ethnicity (ref: white)
Black	0.09	0.02	0.01	−0.03	0.11^*	−0.11^*
Black	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
Hispanic	−0.05	−0.06	−0.11	−0.19^**	−0.06	−0.18^**
Hispanic	(0.07)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.07)	(0.06)
Other	−0.09	−0.08	−0.16^*	−0.21^**	−0.09	−0.20^**
Other	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)
Marital status (ref: married/cohabiting)
Divorced/separated/widowed		0.43^***				0.42^***
Divorced/separated/widowed		(0.04)				(0.04)
Never married		0.41^***				0.36^***
Never married		(0.08)				(0.08)
Number of close family (ref: 0)
1			0.14			0.12
1			(0.12)			(0.11)
2–3			0.16			0.16
2–3			(0.11)			(0.10)
4–9			0.08			0.13
4–9			(0.11)			(0.10)
10+			0.05			0.15
10+			(0.11)			(0.11)
Family support			−0.19^***			−0.16^***
Family support			(0.02)			(0.02)
Family strain			0.27^***			0.22^***
Family strain			(0.02)			(0.02)
Number of friends (ref: 0)
1				−0.09		−0.09
1				(0.16)		(0.15)
2–3				−0.18		−0.17
2–3				(0.13)		(0.13)
4–9				−0.22		−0.18
4–9				(0.13)		(0.13)
10+				−0.38^**		−0.29^*
10+				(0.13)		(0.13)
Friend support				−0.13^***		−0.07^**
Friend support				(0.02)		(0.02)
Friend strain				0.26^***		0.14^***
Friend strain				(0.02)		(0.02)
Community participation					−0.08^***	−0.02
Community participation					(0.02)	(0.02)
Constant	0.24	0.35 ^**	0.59 ^**	−0.21	−0.14	−0.08
Constant	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.19)	(0.12)	(0.13)	(0.19)

Note: Partnership quality and neighborhood quality are not included in the table because additional analysis suggested that they provided little explanation for the observed loneliness gap.

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.

^***

p < .001.