Table 2.

Overview of data extracted data for eight health economic studies on liquid- or tissue-based tests to facilitate treatment decisions for localised prostate cancer

Publication	Analysis	Test(s) considered	DMA	Patient population	Comparison category	Health outcome	Geographical location	Evidence approach a	Diagnostic performance evidence	Impact of test(s) on costs	Impact of test(s) on health outcome	Cost-effectiveness judgment b
Calvert et al, 2003 [34]	CEA	DNA-Ploidy	Initial TS	Localised NOS	Test vs other	QALYs	UK	Modelling based on sensitivity and specificity	Assumption	Increase	Increase	Cost-effective
Zubek and Konski, 2009 [35]	CEA	ProstatePx	Adjuvant TS	Received RP	Test vs SOC	QALYs	USA	OBS with modelled impact	NA	Increase	Increase	Cost-effective
Reed et al, 2014 [36]	CEA	NADiA ProsVue Slope	Adjuvant TS	IR and HR of recurrence	Test vs SOC	QALYs	USA	Retrospective study with modelled impact	NA	Increase	Negligible increase	Not cost-effective
Roth et al, 2015 [37]	CEA	ProMark	Initial TS	LR and IR of recurrence	Test vs SOC	QALYs	USA	OBS with modelled impact	Observational validation study	Decrease	Negligible increase	Dominant
Albala et al, 2016 [38]	CA	OncotypeDX	Initial TS	Favourable IR or LR	Test vs SOC	NA	USA	OBS with historical cohort	NA	Decrease (LR) Increase (IR)	NA	NA
Health Quality Ontario, 2017 [39]	BIA	Prolaris	Initial TS	LR and IR	Test vs SOC	NA	Canada	OBS	NA	Increase	NA	NA
Lobo et al, 2017 [40]	CEA	Decipher	Adjuvant TS	Received RP	Test vs SOC vs other	QALYs	USA	OBS with clinical vignette study	NA	Increase	Increase	Cost-effective
Chang et al, 2019 [41]	CEA	OncotypeDX	Initial TS	Favourable IR or LR	Test vs SOC	QALYs	USA	OBS with historical cohort	NA	Increase	Increase	Cost-effective

BIA = budget-impact analysis; CA = cost analysis; CEA = cost-effectiveness analysis; DMA = decision-making analysis; TS = treatment strategy; NA = not applicable; NOS = not otherwise specified; RP = radical prostatectomy; HR = high risk; IR = intermediate risk; LR = low risk; SOC = standard of care; QALYs = quality-adjusted life years; OBS = observational study; DT: decision tree, STM: state-transition model.

^aImpact here refers to both health and economic outcomes for CEAs and economic outcomes for CAs or BIAs.

^bA dominant strategy improves health outcomes at lower costs, so it is better in terms of health and economic outcomes, whereas a cost-effective strategy improves health outcomes at increased costs, but the increase in costs is considered proportionate to the improvement in health, so the improvement in health is worth the increase in costs.