Fig. 4.

Plotted relationships between pain outcomes and cultural dominance values during English and Spanish study sessions. a Pain intensity ratings during suprathreshold trials across cultural dominance scores and language conditions. b Pain-evoked physiological arousal assessed as mSCRa across cultural dominance scores and language conditions. Log-transformed mSCRa (measured in microsiemens) are plotted on the y-axis; lower values denote lower mSCRa. Note the error bands for the red English line include the potential for a flat relationship (non-significant effect), whereas this is not the case for the blue Spanish line. Negative cultural dominance values reflect greater endorsement of Hispanic compared with US-American culture, while positive values reflect the opposite. Cultural dominance scores near 0 represent balanced cultural identification. Error bands denote standard error of the mean