Fig. 6.

Tested moderated mediation and conditional mediation models for pain unpleasantness with path coefficients. a Full moderated mediation model for pain unpleasantness ratings. b Path diagrams with coefficients of mediation relationships calculated with cultural dominance variable centered at − 1 standard deviation from the mean, Hispanic dominance (left), and + 1 standard deviation from the mean, US-American dominance (right). Language was coded as 0 for English and 1 for Spanish; thus, path coefficients from the “Language Context” box can be interpreted as the relative effect of the Spanish condition compared with English. Standard errors for each path coefficient are in parentheses. Dashed lines in b represent the total effect (c path) which can be compared with the solid c’ path (direct effect). N.S., not significant. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001