Recurrence-free survival (RFS) in high-grade NMIBC is associated with patient sex and tumor immune microenvironment. (A) Kaplan-Meier survival curves for RFS of patients with high-grade NMIBC (n = 193) based on log-rank optimized thresholds for density of CD163+ cells in tumor epithelial (left; p < 0.001) and stromal (right; p < 0.001) compartments. Of this entire cohort, 74% had evidence of adequate BCG therapy after specimen collection (TURBT). (B) Kaplan-Meier survival curves showing RFS of high-grade patients based on log-rank optimized thresholds for epithelial (left; p < 0.01) and stromal (right; p < 0.0001) CD79a+ cells. (C) Kaplan-Meier survival curves showing RFS of high-grade patients based on log-rank optimized thresholds for stromal (left; p < 0.01) and epithelial (right; p = 0.014) CD163+ cells stratified by sex. High and low stromal CD163+ cells are defined as >64 and <64 cells, respectively. High and low epithelial CD163+ cells are defined as >12 and <12 cells, respectively. (D) Kaplan-Meier survival curves showing RFS of high-grade patients based on log-rank optimized thresholds for stromal (left; p < 0.001) and epithelial (right; p = 0.028) CD79a+ cells stratified by sex. High and low stromal CD79a+ cells are defined as >35 and <35 cells, respectively. High and low epithelial CD79a+ cells are defined as more than three and fewer than three cells, respectively. BCG = bacillus Calmette-Guérin; NMIBC = non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer; TURBT = transurethral resection of bladder tumor.