. 2021 Jul 14;12:681014. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.681014

TABLE 4.

The abundance and diversity of microbial microbiota in Holstein dairy calves fed with different doses of multispecies probiotics.

Items	Treatment (Trt)¹				SEM²	p-Value
	C	T1	T2	T3		Trt	Time	Trt × Time	C × T1	C × T2	C × T3
Bacteria
Observed species
WK2	105.00	140.25	124.75	153.50	8.6	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	0.57	0.23	0.05
WK4	309.75	356.75	347.00	324.75	11.24				0.17	0.27	0.65
WK6	362.25^ab	378^ab	322.5^b	404.25^a	12.65				0.63	0.236	0.21
WK8	369.25^a	414^a	413.5^a	170^b	28.19				0.21	0.22	<0.01
Chao1 index
WK2	194.80	203.37	201.63	207.16	10.72	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	0.80	0.84	0.72
WK4	365.86	402.29	399.33	361.64	11.75				0.30	0.34	0.90
WK6	412.28^ab	422.08^ab	372.88^b	457.99^a	12.76				0.76	0.24	0.17
WK8	408.69^a	454.05^a	458.99^a	203.68^b	29.4				0.24	0.20	<0.01
Shannon index
WK2	2.28^ab	1.77^b	2.17^b	2.79^a	0.13	<0.38	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	0.05	0.10
WK4	3.83	3.90	3.98	3.87	0.39				0.80	0.63	0.90
WK6	3.99^ab	4.30^a	3.68^b	4.19^ab	0.1				0.26	0.24	0.46
WK8	3.94^ab	4.26^a	4.29^a	3.09^b	0.18				0.46	0.42	0.06
Simpson index
WK2	0.19^ab	0.30^a	0.22^ab	0.13^b	0.02	<0.01	0.09	<0.01	0.01	0.13	0.33
WK4	0.05	0.07	0.04	0.06	0.01				0.47	0.85	0.77
WK6	0.06	0.03	0.07	0.04	0.008				0.19	0.61	0.36
WK8	0.06	0.04	0.04	0.15	0.02				0.71	0.70	0.20
ACE index
WK2	186.58	217.03	200.34	245.47	12.42	0.01	<0.01	<0.01	0.40	0.70	0.12
WK4	362.02	400.26	389.64	359.31	11.04				0.25	0.40	0.93
WK6	405.99^ab	414.34^ab	367.31^b	452.11^a	12.24				0.78	0.22	0.14
WK8	411.65^a	452.07^a	455.97^a	195.64^b	29.93				0.28	0.24	<0.01
Fungi
Observed species
WK2	19.50^b	66.75^a	43.00^ab	45.00^ab	6.60	0.39	<0.01	<0.01	0.80	0.77
WK4	41.25	80.50	80.75	59.25	6.98				0.04	0.04
WK6	132.50^a	61.50^b	62.50^b	99.75^ab	10.85				0.13	0.14
WK8	134.25	131.50	125.50	51.00	15.46				0.95	0.83
Chao1 index
WK2	20.50^b	74.58^a	48.10^ab	51.18^ab	7.46	0.43	<0.01	0.03	0.01	0.14
WK4	45.64	95.51	89.68	72.67	8.04				0.06	0.05
WK6	152.22^a	69.41^b	93.25^ab	109.06^ab	13.20				0.03	0.10
WK8	149.94	149.61	141.48	62.92	17.67				0.99	0.86
Shannon index
WK2	1.03^b	1.85^ab	2.01^a	1.79^ab	0.16	0.36	0.01	0.17	0.07	0.03
WK4	2.01^b	2.06^ab	2.53^a	2.44^ab	0.09				0.79	0.03
WK6	2.47	2.30	2.16	1.71	0.18				0.75	0.56
WK8	2.30	2.31	2.28	1.97	0.08				0.97	0.94
Simpson index
WK2	0.52	0.33	0.26	0.30	0.05	0.67	0.02	0.15	0.16	0.06
WK4	0.26	0.23	0.16	0.16	0.02				0.52	0.05
WK6	0.20	0.22	0.31	0.40	0.04				0.88	0.35
WK8	0.22	0.25	0.24	0.27	0.02				0.60	0.73
ACE index
WK2	20.83^b	83.20^a	48.07^ab	56.12^ab	8.03	0.31	<0.01	0.03	<0.01	0.15
WK4	45.64^b	95.51^a	89.68^ab	72.67^ab	8.04				0.028	0.047
WK6	146.15	84.74	110.37	113.63	10.92				0.06	0.25
WK8	149.29	152.97	142.02	63.25	17.24				0.94	0.87

^a,bThe values in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05), while values with the same or no superscripts mean no significant difference (p > 0.05).¹Treatments: C, no supplementation (control); T1 = 0.5 g/calf/day; T2 = 1 g/calf/day; T3 = 2 g/calf/day.SEM, standard error of mean.