Figure 2.

Model-based behavior and reaction times in compulsivity. A, Model-based control estimated by a logistic regression of choice behavior with one-trial back reward and transition. Regressions were conducted in a model with all three dimensions: anxious-depression (AD), compulsive behavior and intrusive thought (CIT), and social withdrawal (SW). Model-based control is reduced in highly compulsive individuals. B, Participants have on average a longer mean RT at second-stage choice after a rare transition than after a common one (paired t test: t₍₁₉₁₎ = 16.16; 95% confidence interval, 79.85–102.05; p < 0.001). Circles in the raincloud plot (Allen et al., 2019) depict the mean RT of rare or common trials for each individual, with black marker indicating grand average mean and SD. C, RT-Trans is diminished in highly compulsive individuals. We replicated the same effect in a prior dataset of N = 1413 (Gillan et al., 2016). For A and C, error bars denote SE. The y-axes indicate the percentage change in model-based planning/RT-Trans as a function of 1 SD of psychiatric dimension scores. *p ≤ 0.05, ***p < 0.001.