Figure 3.
Membranous phospholipids. Phosphate at the polar head of phospholipids in cell membranes, i.e. the plasma membrane, mitochondrial membranes, and the nuclear envelope, as well as in exosomes. Bottom photo panel: The co-localization of oxidized phospholipids stained with the antibody Ab E06 (Sigma) and lipids (oil red O staining), calcification (Alizarin red staining after EDTA chelation of Ca++), Hoechst staining at 330 nm (UV), and at 550 nm (red) indicates the presence of phosphates (see text76,77) in a section of an aortic valve leaflet in the initial calcification step.