Table 3.
Characteristics of studies according to the variables studied
| Authors, Yeas, Country | Study type | Sample size | Goal | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Navuluri et al. (2006), USA[20] | Cross-sectional | 59 | Relationship between backpack use and back and neck pain among adolescents | A higher percentage of girls than boys rated their pain as being moderate to extremely strong. The correlation between pain and backpack weight per body mass index among girls was positive and significant, but negative and nonsignificant among boys |
| Akbar et al. (2019), Kuwait[25] | Cross-sectional | 950 | Prevalence of low back pain among adolescents in relation to the weight of school bags | LBP among high school students seems to be very common with a prevalence perceived heaviness of school bag is far more important than the actual bag weight |
| Haselgrove et al. (2008), Australian[21] | Cohort | 1202 | School bag load, duration of carriage, and method of transport to school are associated with spinal pain in adolescents | Perceived school bag load, duration of carriage and method of transport to school are associated with back and neck pain. physical activity in the form of walking or riding to school may offset the potentially provocative effects of prolonged bag carriage |
| Siambanes et al. (2004), USA[34] | Cohort | 3005 | School backpacks on adolescent back pain | The pain on the back and shoulder was the most prevalent pain in students, and female’s complaint more about this pain |
| Spiteri et al. (2017), USA[35] | Cross-sectional | 20359 | Postural balance and neck angle changes in school children while carrying a traditional backpack versus a double-sided bag | Carrying the double-sided bag restores the body balance and head posture to a condition that is similar to the no load condition |
| Al Shahry et al. (2018), Saudi Arabia[22] | Cross-sectional | 200 | School bags on body mechanics among Saudi children | Heavy school bags contributed to the presence of pain and shoulder tilt, whereas long duration of carrying school bag did not affect shoulder tilt. Thus, in future, education for parents must be conducted to make sure to prevent students from carrying bags exceeding the acceptable standard limit |
| Al-Khabbaz et al. (2008). Japan[36] | Cross-sectional | 250 | Backpack heaviness on trunk-lower extremity muscle activities and trunk posture | Abdominis muscle activities increased progressively and disproportionably as the backpack load increased. As for the trunk posture, almost the same backward inclination was adapted even with increasing backpack heaviness |
| Mwaka et al. (2014), Ugandan[9] | Cross-sectional | 532 | Musculoskeletal pain and school bag use | Almost of the pupils reported having had pain or discomfort Schools need to provide lockers and functional libraries in order to avoid excessive loading and repetitive strain injuries |
| Grimmer et al. (2002), Australian[33] | Experimental | 250 | Adolescent standing postural response to backpack loads | Neither age nor gender was a significant factor when comparing postural response to Backpack loads or conditions. Backpacks positioned at T7 produced the largest forward (horizontal) displacement at all the anatomical points. The horizontal position of all anatomical points increased linearly with load |
| Sharan et al. (2012)[23] | Retrospective | 202 | Back pack injuries in Indian school children | Load carried in a backpack shift the center of gravity behind the body in order to compensate this; the body pulls the load forward and thus center of gravity moves over the base of the support in between the feet |
| Syazwan et al. (2011). Malaysia[38] | Experimental | 150 | Poor sitting posture and a heavy schoolbag as contributors to musculoskeletal pain in children: An ergonomic school education intervention program | Load carried in a backpack shift the center of gravity behind the body in order to compensate this; the body pulls the load forward and thus center of gravity moves over the base of the support in between the feet |
| Aundhakaret al. (2015)[37] | Cross-sectional | 626 | Back pain in children associated with backpacks | Load carried in a backpack shift the center of gravity behind the body in order to compensate this; the body pulls the load forward and thus center of gravity moves over the base of the support in between the feet |
| Grimmer et al. (2000), Australian[31] | Cross-sectional | 48 | Gender-age environmental associates of adolescent low back pain | Abdominis muscle activities increased progressively and disproportionably as the backpack load increased. As for the trunk posture, almost the same backward inclination was adapted even with increasing backpack heaviness |
| Chansirinukor et al. (2001), South Australia[26] | Cross-sectional | 13 | Effects of backpacks on students: Measurement of cervical and shoulder posture | Effects of backpacks on students: Measurement of cervical and shoulder posture |
LBP= Low back pain