Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of postmenopausal women by bone density
| Variable | Osteoporosis (n=109), n (%) | Osteopenia (n=194), n (%) | Normal (n=142), n (%) | P | P** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age©, mean (SD) | 58.2 (3.8) | 57.1 (3.9) | 55.4 (3.8) | <0.001€ | <0.001* |
| Age group | |||||
| 50-55 | 23 (21.5) | 70 (36.8) | 75 (54.3) | <0.001¥ | <0.001¥ |
| 56-60 | 53 (49.5) | 80 (42.1) | 47 (34.1) | ||
| 61-65 | 31 (29.0) | 40 (21.1) | 16 (11.6) | ||
| Menopause age© | 47.7 (6.0) | 48.2 (5.2) | 49.1 (3.9) | 0.031€ | 0.012* |
| Marital status | |||||
| Single, widow, divorced | 28 (25.7) | 35 (18.0) | 17 (12.0) | 0.063¥ | 0.069¥ |
| Married | 81 (74.3) | 152 (82.0) | 125 (88.0) | ||
| Education | |||||
| Illiterate | 36 (33.0) | 60 (40) | 25 (17.6) | 0.002ǂ | 0.069ǂ |
| Primary school | 44 (40.4) | 44 (22.7) | 44 (31.0) | ||
| Secondary school | 11 (10.1) | 28 (14.4) | 23 (16.2) | ||
| High school/diploma | 13 (11.9) | 45 (15.2) | 34 (23.9) | ||
| Academic | 5 (4.6) | 17 (8.7) | 16 (11.3) | ||
| Job | |||||
| Housewife | 100 (91.7) | 159 (82.4) | 122 (85.9) | 0.082¥ | 1.000ƍ |
| Employed | 9 (8.3) | 34 (7.6) | 20 (14.1) | ||
| Family income | |||||
| Enough | 20 (18.5) | 34 (17.7) | 35 (24.6) | 0.065ǂ | 0.050ƍ |
| Somewhat enough | 70 (64.8) | 132 (68.8) | 93 (65.5) | ||
| Insufficient | 18 (16.7) | 26 (13.5) | 14 (9.9) | ||
| Housing status | |||||
| Personal | 82 (80.4) | 188 (97.0) | 132 (94.3) | <0.001¥ | 0.478¥ |
| Nonpersonal | 20 (19.6) | 6 (3.0) | 9 (6.7) | ||
| Smoking status | |||||
| No history of use | 103 (95.4) | 188 (97.4) | 136 (96.5) | 0.434¥ | 0.730¥ |
| Current or previous use | 5 (4.6) | 5 (3.6) | 5 (3.5) | ||
| Smoker in roommate | |||||
| Yes | 26 (24.5) | 44 (24.0) | 34 (25.0) | 0.981¥ | 0.904ǂ |
| Hookah consumption | |||||
| No history of use | 107 (98.2) | 189 (97.4) | 140 (98.6) | 0.744¥ | 0.411ǂ |
| Current use | 2 (1.8) | 5 (2.6) | 2 (1.4) | ||
| Alcohol consumption | |||||
| No history of use | 109 (100) | 193 (99.5) | 142 (100) | ||
| Current use | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Exposure to sunlight | |||||
| Yes | 48 (44.0) | 97 (50.5) | 61 (43.0) | 0.310¥ | 0.328ǂ |
| Supplement use (yes) | 65 (59.6) | 103 (54.2) | 70 (49.3) | 0.310¥ | 0.328ǂ |
| Supplement type | |||||
| Vitamin D | 15 (24.3) | 38 (35.8) | 31 (34.4) | 0.577¥ | 0.683¥ |
| Calcium | 12 (19.4) | 18 (17.0) | 16 (17.8) | ||
| Vitamin D and calcium | 17 (27.4) | 31 (29.3) | 25 (27.8) | ||
| Other supplements | 18 (29.0) | 19 (17.9) | 18 (20.0) | ||
| Exercise (yes) | 64 (58.7) | 118 (61.5) | 90 (63.4) | 0.753¥ | 0.602ǂ |
| Total physical activity (MET-min.week)©, median (p25-p75) | 346.6 (346.6-826.5) | 462.0 (346.5-1275.5) | 396.0 (346.5-884) | 0.488€ | 0.587* |
| Sunscreen use (yes) | 24 (22.0) | 66 (34.2) | 40 (28.2) | 0.078¥ | 0.738ǂ |
| Fracture history in close relatives (yes) | 15 (13.9) | 23 (12.0) | 0 (7.1) | 0.194¥ | 0.100ǂ |
©Variables indicated by this symbol have been reported by mean (SD), physical activity <600: low; physical activity between 600-3000: moderate; physical activity >3000: high. P: Difference between osteoporosis, osteopenia and normal groups, **P: Difference between osteoporosis and osteopenia groups with normal, *Independent t-test, ƍExact Fisher’s test, One-way ANOVA,¥ Chi-square, ǂLinear by linear Chi-square. SD=Standard deviation