Table 1.
The characteristics of the included studies
| Author, year, country | Study design | Sample size | Predictor | Weight measures | Mean PPWR | Quality assessment | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | Stress | Anxiety | Prepregnancy/early pregnancy | Postpartum | |||||
| Biesmans et al. (2013) Belgium[24] | Prospective cohort | 75 | √ | √ | S | S and M | 12 months (m): 2.3 (SD=2.8) kg | 7 | |
| Bogaerts et al. (2013) Belgium[26] | Prospective cohort | 150 | √ | √ | S | S | 6 months: −1.28 (SD=6.05) (range: −17-19) kg | 7 | |
| Bogaerts et al. (2017) Belgium[25] | Prospective cohort | 220 | √ | S | S | 6 weeks (w): 3.3 (SD=4.1) (range: −7-16.2) kg | 6 | ||
| Collings et al. (2018) Australia[16] | Prospective cohort | 178 | √ | √ | √ | S | S and M | 12 months: 0.5 (SD=6.49) kg | 8 |
| Ertel et al. (2017) USA[17] | Prospective cohort | 2112 | √ | S | M | 6 month: 35% ≥5 kg (mean/SD not reported) | 8 | ||
| Goldstein et al. (2016) USA[12] | Prospective cohort | 360 | √ | √ | S | M | 3 month: 4.6 (SD=7.4) kg | 7 | |
| Gunderson et al. (2008) USA[27] | Prospective cohort | 940 | √ | S | S | 12 month: 0.8 (SD=4.5) (range: −17.3-25.5) kg | 7 | ||
| Herring et al. (2008) USA[10] | Prospective cohort | 850 | √ | S | S | 12 month: 0.6 (range: −16.4-25.5) kg | 7 | ||
| Huang et al. (2010) Taiwan[28] | Cross sectional | 602 | √ | MR | Not reported | 6 month: 2.42 (SD=3.57) kg | 9 | ||
| Oken et al. (2007) USA[2] | Prospective cohort | 902 | √ | S | S | 12 month: 0.6 (range: −17.3-25.5) kg | 7 | ||
| Pedersen et al. (2011) Denmark[29] | Prospective cohort | 37,127 | √ | √ | S | S | 6 month: 1.4 (SD=4.7) kg 18 month: 0.00 (SD=4.8) kg |
7 | |
| Phillips et al. (2014) Australia[30] | Prospective cohort | 126 | √ | √ | √ | S | S | 9 month: 3.69 (SD=5.04) kg | 7 |
| Phillips et al. (2014) Australia[31] | Prospective cohort | 227 | √ | √ | √ | S | S | 3 month: 6.10 (SD=5.56) kg | 6 |
| Riazi et al. (2017) Iran[32] | Cross-sectional | 309 | √ | MR | M | 6 m: 4.04 (SD=3.99) kg | 9 | ||
| Rogers et al. (2016) UK[18] | Prospective cohort | 49 | √ | S | M | 12 month: Mean retained BMI=1.5 kg/m2 (SD=2.4) | 8 | ||
| Salehi-pourmehr et al. (2018) Iran[9] | Prospective cohort | 307 | √ | √ | MR | M | 12 m in: Non-depressed: 1.70 (0.35) kg Depressed: 3.86 (0.98) kg Min/mild anxiety: 1.86 (0.36) kg Mod/severe anxiety: 3.88 (1.08) kg |
8 | |
| Sha et al. (2019) China[33] | Prospective cohort | 924 | √ | M | S and M | 1 month: 5.91 (SD=4.78) kg 3 month: 4.18 (SD=4.81) kg 6 month: 3.25 (SD=4.64) kg 8 month: 2.24 (SD=4.66) kg |
8 | ||
| Siega-Riz et al. (2010) USA[34] | Prospective cohort | 550 | √ | S | M | 3 month: 9.4 (SD±11.4) lb12 month: 5.7 (SD±13.2) lb | 8 | ||
| Straub et al. (2016) USA[35] | Cross-sectional | 696 | √ | MR | M | 6 month: 11.1±18.9 lbs | 9 | ||
| Van poppel et al. (2012) Netherlands[36] | Prospective cohort | 4213 | √ | √ | S | S | 3-5 month: 3.56 (SD=4.58) kg | 6 | |
| Walker (2009) USA[37] | Prospective cohort | 247 | √ | S | M | 12 month: 6.2±8.2 kg | 8 | ||
| Wan Noor Fatehah et al. (2019) Malaysia[39] | Cross-sectional | 226 | √ | S | M | 6 month: 2.6±5.3 kg | 9 | ||
| Whitaker et al. (2014) USA[38] | Prospective cohort | 123 | √ | √ | S | M | 6 month: 5.8 (SD=7.4; range: −12.1-32.9) kg 12 month: 6.4 (SD=8.5; range: −9.7-35.9) kg |
8 | |
| Zanotti et al. (2015) Brazil[40] | Prospective cohort | 145 | √ | S | M | 6 month: 4.8 kg | 7 | ||
SD=Standard deviation, MR=Medical records, S=Self-reported, S and M=Self-reported and measured, M=Measured