Table 3.

Stress and PPWR

Author, year	Measurement time	Measurement tool	Findings
Collings et al. (2018)[16]	Pregnancy, 12 MPP	DASS-21	NA
Goldstein et al. 2016)[12]	Delivery, 3 MPP	PSS	3 MPP: Inverse relationship (−0.13, 95% CI: −0.26-−0.01, P=0.04)
Phillips et al. (2014)[30]	3, 6 MPP	DASS-21	NA
Phillips et al. (2014)[31]	Pregnancy, 3 MPP	DASS-21	Pregnancy: NA
			3 MPP: Positive association (r=0.27, P<0.01)
			3 MPP and 3 month PPWR: cross-sectional relationships (B=7.41, SEB=3.08, β=0.26, P<0.05)
Straub et al. 2016)[35]	6 MPP	Salivary cortisol slope	Inverse relationship (β=−1.90, 95% CI: 0.22-3.58)
Whitaker et al. 2014)[38]	2, 6, 12 MPP	PSI	2 MPP and 6 month PPWR: Inversely correlation (r=−0.230, P=0.021)
			2 MPP and 12 month PPWR: NC
			6 MPP and 6 month PPWR: NC
			6 MPP and 12 month PPWR: Positive correlation (t=2.015, P=0.048)
			12 MPP and 12 month PPWR: NC

DASS=Depression, anxiety, stress scale, PSS=Perceived Stress Scale, NC=Not correlation, MPP=Months postpartum, WPP=Weeks postpartum