. 2021 May 3;8(4):2535–2545. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.13382

Table 4.

Associations ^a between HFpEF risk factors with adipose tissue and skeletal muscle measures

	Systolic blood pressure		Diabetes		Atrial fibrillation/flutter		Obstructive sleep apnoea
	β (SE)	P	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	P
RV EAT, mm	−0.64 (0.83)	0.44	0.93 (0.71–1.23)	0.62	0.70 (0.43–1.11)	0.13	0.87 (0.64–1.20)	0.40
AV groove EAT, mm	0.008 (0.31)	0.98	1.06 (0.95–1.18) ^b	0.29	1.07 (0.95–1.21)	0.27	0.97 (0.86–1.10)	0.67
Liver fat fraction, %	0.22 (0.27)	0.42	0.99 (0.91–1.08)	0.85	1.00 (0.90–1.11)	0.97	1.01 (0.91–1.12)	0.86
Abdominal VAT, cm²	−0.002 (0.03)	0.93	1.00 (0.99–1.01) ^b	0.48	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.47	1.00 (1.00–1.01) ^b	0.32
Abdominal SAT, cm²	−0.04 (0.02)	0.06	1.00 (0.99–1.00)	0.34	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.51	1.00 (0.99–1.00)	0.30
VAT/SAT ratio	6.25 (7.13)	0.38	6.13 (0.44–85.58)	0.18	1.30 (0.09–18.72)	0.85	11.55 (0.45–298.80)	0.14
Thigh SAT, cm²	0.01 (0.03)	0.74	0.99 (0.98–1.00)	0.12	1.01 (1.00–1.02)	0.11	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	0.75
Thigh IMAT, cm²	0.06 (0.12)	0.61	1.01 (0.97–1.06)	0.60	1.03 (0.97–1.09)	0.40	0.96 (0.91–1.01)	0.12
Thigh IMAT FF, %	0.30 (0.21)	0.16	0.99 (0.92–1.06)	0.69	1.04 (0.96–1.13)	0.29	0.87 (0.77–0.98)	0.02
Thigh interMF, cm²	0.73 (0.17)	<0.001	1.22 (1.03–1.46)	0.03	0.95 (0.83–1.09)	0.46	0.96 (0.86–1.07)	0.45
Thigh intraMF, cm²	0.18 (0.29)	0.53	1.01 (0.92–1.11)	0.89	1.14 (0.99–1.31)	0.07	0.96 (0.85–1.06)	0.37
Thigh muscle, cm²	0.003 (0.04)	0.94	1.00 (0.98–1.01)	0.67	0.98 (0.96–1.01) ^b	0.17	1.02 (1.00–1.04)	0.06
Psoas muscle, cm²	0.81 (0.56)	0.15	1.03 (0.84–1.25)	0.79	0.95 (0.77–1.19)	0.68	0.95 (0.77–1.17)	0.62
Paraspinal muscle, cm²	−0.11 (0.33)	0.74	1.03 (0.92–1.15)	0.61	0.98 (0.85–1.12)	0.75	0.97 (0.86–1.09)	0.60

AV, atrioventricular; CI, confidence interval; EAT, epicardial adipose tissue; FF, fat fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; IMAT, intermuscular adipose tissue; interMF, intermuscular fat; intraMF, intramuscular fat; OR, odds ratio; RV, right ventricular; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; SE, standard error; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.

^{^a}

Analyses are adjusted for age, sex, and body surface area. Positive β coefficients indicate higher values of adipose tissue/skeletal muscle measurement associated with the risk factor.

^{^b}

Associations significant in unadjusted analyses.