Table 1.
Subject characteristics for participants who underwent the exercise and CrCEST studies
| Median (IQR) | Healthy | Hypertensive | HFpEF | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | (n = 20) | (n = 19) | (n = 20) | |
| Age, years | 54 (39, 63) | 66 (50, 71) | 67 a (62, 76) | 0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 6 (30) | 7 (37) | 13 (65) | 0.07 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.001 | |||
| White | 20 (100) | 14 (73.7) | 12 (60) | |
| African‐American | 0 (0) | 3 (15.8) | 8 (40) | |
| Asian | 0 (0) | 2 (10.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Height, cm | 171.9 ± 6.8 | 171.6 ± 9.7 | 165.3 ± 9.9 | 0.037 |
| Weight, kg | 81.4 (68.7, 85.7) | 80.4 (73.0, 89.0) | 99.1 a (78.3, 113.5) | 0.02 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.7 (23.6, 28.7) | 27.7 (24.6, 31.5) | 32.1 a , b (28.7, 44.4) | <0.001 |
| Whole body lean mass, kg | 53.4 ± 10.3 | 53.5 ± 8.4 | 53.9 ± 11.1 | 0.98 |
| Calf lean mass, kg | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 0.70 |
| Appendicular lean mass index, kg/m2 | 8.0 ± 1.6 | 7.9 ± 1.0 | 8.3 ± 1.3 | 0.62 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0 (0) | 19 (100) | 20 (100) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 0 (0) | 3 (15.8) | 11 (55.0) | <0.001 |
| Insulin | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (20) | 0.03 |
| Hyperlipidaemia, n (%) | 5 (25) | 11 (57.9) | 18 (90) | <0.001 |
| OSA, n (%) | 1 (5) | 4 (21.1) | 12 (60) | <0.001 |
| Beta‐blocker, n (%) | 0 (0) | 6 (31.6) | 16 (80) | <0.001 |
| CCB, n (%) | 0 (0) | 7 (36.8) | 11 (55) | <0.001 |
| ACEi/ARB, n (%) | 0 (0) | 10 (52.6) | 14 (70) | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretic, n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 10 (50) | <0.001 |
| Thiazide diuretic, n (%) | 0 (0) | 3 (15.8) | 4 (20) | 0.13 |
| Statin, n (%) | 3 (15) | 8 (42.1) | 14 (70) | 0.002 |
| NYHA class, n (%) | ||||
| II | 18 (90) | |||
| III | 2 (10) | |||
| eGFR, mL/min | 87.3 ± 12.6 | 79.5 ± 17.8 | 71.1 ± 19.9 a | 0.015 |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 13.9 ± 1.3 | 14.0 ± 1.0 | 12.7 ± 1.1 a , b | <0.001 |
| NTproBNP, pg/mL | 35.0 (17.0, 63.5) | 65.0 (34.0, 127.0) | 119.0 a (49.0, 241.5) | 0.002 |
| LV ejection fraction, % | 59.6 ± 6.8 | 59.8 ± 4.5 | 61.9 ± 5.6 | 0.39 |
| Tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity, cm/s | 199.8 ± 26.8 | 233.2 ± 40.8 c | 265.5 ± 28.8 a , b | <0.001 |
| Mitral inflow early velocity (E), cm/s | 67.4 (54.1, 79.4) | 75.2 (64.1, 84.4) | 80.3 a (66.5, 97.3) | 0.035 |
| Septal TD e′ velocity, cm/s | 9.6 ± 2.3 | 8.9 ± 1.9 | 7.6 ± 2.4 a | 0.016 |
| Mitral E/septal e′ ratio | 6.6 (5.9, 8.5) | 9.0 (7.0, 10.5) | 11.9 a , b (8.4, 13.4) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD, median (25–75% interquartile range), or count (%).
ACEi/ARB, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker, CCB, calcium channel blocker, OSA, obstructive sleep apnoea, SD, standard deviation, TD, tissue Doppler.
a
HFpEF vs. healthy, adjusted P < 0.05,
b
HFpEF vs. HTN, adjusted P < 0.05,
c
Healthy vs. HTN, adjusted P < 0.05.