Table 2.
Maximal effort cardiopulmonary exercise test
| Healthy | Hypertensive | HFpEF | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 20) | (n = 19) | (n = 20) | ||
| Ventilatory threshold | ||||
| VT, L/min | 0.85 (0.77, 1.17) | 0.90 (0.71, 0.97) | 0.76 (0.60, 0.88) | 0.038 |
| VT, mL/kg body weight/min | 11.6 (9.8, 16.1) | 9.9 (8.5, 12.8) | 7.4 a , b (6.4, 9.4) | <0.001 |
| VT, mL/kg leg lean mass/min | 53.5 (47.8, 67.4) | 48.5 (41.7, 57.1) | 42.6 a (37.7, 48.0) | 0.002 |
| Peak | ||||
| Heart rate, b.p.m. | 148.7 ± 18.4 | 136.6 ± 26.6 | 114.6 ± 24.9 a , b | <0.001 |
| RER | 1.19 ± 0.12 | 1.17 ± 0.13 | 1.06 ± 0.13 a , b | 0.004 |
| Arterial lactate, mmol/L | 9.4 (7.5, 11.8) | 7.3 (5.3, 9.1) | 6.1 (5.1, 10.3) | 0.07 |
| Exercise time, min | 24.2 (20.1, 32.3) | 20.0 (13.9, 28.5) | 5.5 a , b (3.3, 10.8) | <0.001 |
| Work rate, Watts | 208.9 (160.1, 312.5) | 150.0 (100.0, 275.0) | 25.0 a , b (19.8, 75.0) | <0.001 |
| VO2, L O2/min | 1.90 (1.31, 2.31) | 1.49 (1.10, 1.68) | 0.95 a , b (0.75, 1.34) | <0.001 |
| % Predicted VO2 | 89.8 ± 19.7 | 76.9 ± 15.1 | 64.0 ± 14.1 a | <0.001 |
| Indexed VO2, mL/min/kg body weight | 23.9 (19.9, 31.5) | 16.8 c (12.7, 20.7) | 10.1 a , b (7.9, 14.7) | <0.001 |
| Indexed VO2, mL/min/kg leg lean mass | 109.0 ± 23.7 | 83.2 ± 21.9 c | 59.2 ± 16.0 a , b | <0.001 |
| AVO2 diff, mL O2/dL of blood | 15.8 (14.3, 19.1) | 14.9 (11.2, 17.5) | 11.2 a , b (8.7, 13.0) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac output, L/min | 11.5 (10.0, 13.8) | 9.7 (7.6, 11.9) | 9.8 (7.5, 11.5) | 0.08 |
| VO 2 net efficiency | ||||
| Net efficiency: total work performed/total O2 consumed during exercise, kJ/L O2 | 5.1 (4.2, 6.3) | 5.5 (3.6, 7.0) | 3.0 a , b (2.4, 3.4) | <0.001 |
| Net efficiency, indexed to leg lean mass, kJ/L O2/kg | 0.27 (0.23, 0.39) | 0.32 (0.24, 0.37) | 0.18 a , b (0.15, 0.23) | <0.001 |
| VO 2 recovery kinetics | ||||
| τ, s | 53.0 (44.1, 56.4) | 66.4 c (53.9, 75.7) | 72.4 a (59.3, 83.2) | <0.001 |
| Recovery half‐time, s | 53.0 (47.5, 57.5) | 63.0 c (55.0, 70.0) | 71.5 a (60.0, 78.0) | <0.001 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or median (25–75% interquartile range).
MAP, mean arterial pressure, RER, respiratory exchange ratio, SD, standard deviation, VT, ventilatory threshold.
a
HFpEF vs. healthy, adjusted P < 0.05,
b
HFpEF vs. HTN, adjusted P < 0.05,
c
Healthy vs HTN, adjusted P < 0.05.