Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the 1693 patients, stratified according to six phenogroups identified in cluster analysis
| Characteristics | Overall | Phenogroup 1 (CAD) | Phenogroup 2 (VHD) | Phenogroup 3 (None) | Phenogroup 4 (AF) | Phenogroup 5 (COPD) | Phenogroup 6 (OSA) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1693 | 433 | 173 | 298 | 371 | 251 | 167 | |
| LVEF, median (IQR), % | 49 (33–58) | 45 (30–55) | 48 (30–55) | 47 (30–57) | 55 (40–60) | 49 (33–58) | 51 (33–59) | <0.001 |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 77 (12) | 77 (12) | 80 (12) | 75 (15) | 82 (10) | 77 (10) | 71 (12) | <0.001 |
| Female sex, no. (%) | 828 (48.9) | 91 (21.0) | 60 (34.7) | 159 (53.4) | 364 (98.1) | 80 (31.9) | 74 (44.3) | <0.001 |
| Weight, mean (SD), kg | 95.9 (44.9) | 101.0 (46.5) | 83.1 (31.0) | 94.8 (46.1) | 86.1 (40.0) | 96.6 (44.3) | 118.1 (51.5) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mmHg | 137 (26) | 137 (27) | 128 (24) | 144 (29) | 136 (25) | 135 (23) | 135 (25) | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, mean (SD), min−1 | 87 (23) | 87 (24) | 85 (22) | 87 (20) | 91 (26) | 86 (24) | 83 (21) | 0.003 |
| Respiratory rate, mean (SD), min−1 | 22 (5) | 22 (5) | 22 (6) | 22 (5) | 22 (5) | 22 (6) | 22 (5) | 0.597 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Atrial fibrillation, no. (%) | 965 (57.0) | 271 (62.6) | 105 (60.7) | 0 | 348 (93.8) | 148 (59.0) | 93 (55.7) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, no. (%) | 173 (10.2) | 102 (23.6) | 13 (7.5) | 0 | ≤10 | 46 (18.3) | ≤10 | <0.001 |
| COPD, no. (%) | 415 (24.5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 108 (29.1) | 251 (100.0) | 56 (33.5) | <0.001 |
| Coronary revascularization, no. (%) | 510 (30.1) | 232 (53.6) | 50 (28.9) | 0 | 73 (19.7) | 93 (37.1) | 62 (37.1) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, no. (%) | 879 (51.9) | 212 (48.9) | 50 (28.9) | 149 (50.0) | 197 (53.1) | 137 (54.6) | 124 (74.3) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, no. (%) | 1292 (76.3) | 324 (74.8) | 124 (71.7) | 198 (66.4) | 293 (79.0) | 205 (81.7) | 148 (88.6) | <0.001 |
| Severe valvular heart disease, no. (%) | 325 (19.2) | 15 (3.5) | 173 (100.0) | 0 | 96 (25.9) | 18 (7.2) | 23 (13.8) | <0.001 |
| Sleep apnoea, no. (%) | 198 (11.7) | ≤10 | ≤10 | 0 | 0 | 29 (11.6) | 167 (100.0) | <0.001 |
| Charlson comorbidity score, mean (SD), points | 2.6 (1.4) | 2.54 (1.41) | 2.27 (1.34) | 2.43 (1.55) | 2.50 (1.35) | 2.92 (1.43) | 2.87 (1.28) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory analysis | ||||||||
| Creatinine, mean (SD), μmol/L | 137 (93) | 150 (109) | 150 (98) | 139 (117) | 114 (64) | 133 (71) | 140 (72) | <0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mean (SD), mg/dL | 12.1 (8.1) | 12.3 (8.2) | 14.1 (10.1) | 11.1 (6.9) | 11.2 (7.5) | 12.0 (7.4) | 13.5 (8.9) | <0.001 |
| Sodium, mean (SD), mmol/L | 137 (5) | 137 (5) | 137 (5) | 138 (5) | 137 (5) | 138 (5.0) | 138 (4) | 0.173 |
| Glucose, mean (SD), mmol/L | 8.4 (4.2) | 8.4 (4.0) | 7.7 (4.3) | 8.6 (4.2) | 8.4 (3.9) | 8.4 (3.7) | 9.2 (5.3) | 0.071 |
| Troponin I, median (IQR), ng/L | 0.04 (0.02–0.11) | 0.05 (0.03–0.13) | 0.05 (0.03–0.11) | 0.05 (0.03–0.13) | 0.03 (0.02–0.08) | 0.04 (0.02–0.11) | 0.04 (0.02–0.07) | <0.001 |
| NT‐proBNP, median (IQR), ng/L | 5090 (2453–9000) | 6572 (2655–9000) | 7668 (3430–9000) | 4211 (2106–9000) | 4720 (2475–9000) | 4905 (2120–9000) | 4260 (1902–8202) | <0.001 |
| Current medication | ||||||||
| ACE inhibitor, ARB or ARNI, no. (%) | 936 (55.8) | 243 (56.1) | 85 (49.1) | 182 (61.1) | 183 (49.3) | 136 (54.2) | 94 (56.3) | 0.013 |
| Beta blocker, no. (%) | 1,266 (74.8) | 346 (79.9) | 129 (74.6) | 220 (73.8) | 278 (74.9) | 173 (68.9) | 120 (71.9) | 0.260 |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, no. (%) | 351 (20.7) | 95 (21.9) | 40 (23.1) | 67 (22.5) | 67 (18.1) | 37 (14.7) | 45 (26.9) | 0.222 |
| Diuretic, no. (%) | 1541 (91.0) | 394 (91.0) | 160 (92.5) | 260 (87.2) | 346 (93.3) | 227 (90.4) | 154 (92.2) | 0.360 |
| Acetylsalicylic acid, no. (%) | 691 (40.8) | 196 (45.3) | 65 (37.6) | 165 (55.4) | 103 (27.8) | 101 (40.2) | 61 (36.5) | <0.001 |
ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IQR, interquartile range; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide; OSA, obstructive sleep apnoea; SD, standard deviation; VHD, valvular heart disease. P value derived from one‐way analysis of variance (normal distribution) or Kruskal–Wallis test (skewed distribution).