TABLE 1.
Human AKRs and involvement in drug resistance
| Gene | Protein Names (Aliases) | Chromosomal Localization | Substrate Specificity |
|---|---|---|---|
| AKR1A1 | Aldehyde reductase; dihydrodiol dehydrogenase 1 | 1p33-p32 |
DL-glyceraldehyde Melvadate |
| AKR1B1 | Aldose reductase | 7q35 | Glucose, advanced end glycation products, 4-HNE, reactive carbonyls |
| AKR1B10 | Small intestine like aldose reductase; 9-cis-retinal reductase | 7q33 | Retinal; reactive carbonyls |
| AKR1B15 | 3-Keto- acyl CoA reductase | 7q33 | 3-Keto-acyl-coA; 9-cis-retinaldehyde |
| AKR1C1 | 3α(20α)-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; dihydrodiol dehydrogenase 1; | 10p15-10p14 | Reduction of 20-ketosteroids e.g., progesterone |
| AKR1C2 | 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3; dihydrodiol dehydrogenase 2; bile-acid binding protein | 10p15-10p14 | Reduction of 3-ketosteroids, dihydroprogesterone, dihydrotestosterone |
| AKR1C3 | 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2; 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5; prostaglandin F synthase; dihydrodiol dehydrogenase X | 10p15-10p14 | Reduction of 17-ketosteroids; 4-androstene-3,17-dione; estrone; prostaglandin H2; prostaglandin D2 |
| AKR1C4 | 3α−hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1; dihydrodiol dehydrogenase 4; chlordecone reductase | 10p15-10p14 | 3-Ketosteroids; bile acid precursors; chlordecone |
| AKR1D1 | Steroid 5β-reductase | 7q32-7q33 | Delta4-3-Ketosteroids |
| AKR1E2 | 1,5-Andyhro-D-frucose reductase | 10p15 | 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose |
| AKR6A3 | Potassium voltage gated channel β-subunit-1 | 3q26.1 | |
| AKR6A5 | Potassium voltage gated channel β-subunit-2 | 1p36.3 | |
| AKR6A9 | Potassium voltage gated channel β-subunit-3 | 17p13.1 | |
| AKR7A2 | Aflatoxin aldehyde reductase | 1p35.1- p36.23 |
Reduction of succinic semialdehyde; acrolein 2-carboxybenzlaldehyde; aflatoxin dialdehyde |
| AKR7A3 | Aflatoxin aldehyde reductase | 1p35.1-p36.23 | Aflatoxin dialdehyde |