Table 2.
Statistical calculations of outcomes with ethnicity. The only outcome with statistical significance for the sample size was admission to the Intensive Care Unit, for which African American patients were more likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit. There were not statistically significant differences in the presence of comorbid medical conditions despite the significant increase in risk of intensive care unit admission. ICU Intensive Care Unit, CKD chronic kidney disease, CV cardiovascular disease other than HTN, HTN hypertension, CI confidence interval, and NS not statistically significant. Statistics calculated as per published guidelines19–20, 34
| Race and outcomes | |||||||||||
| Hospitalized or required medical monitoring | Death | Intubation required | Admitted to ICU | Past history of CKD | |||||||
| Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | ||
| Race | African American | 70 (39.3%) | 69 (38.8%) | 21 (11.8%) | 118 (66.3%) | 18 (10.2%) | 120 (67.8%) | 48 (27.4%) | 89 (50.3%) | 44 (24.7%) | 95 (53.4%) |
| Caucasian American | 21 (11.8%) | 18 (10.1%) | 1 (0.01%) | 38 (21.3%) | 0 | 39 (22.0%) | 5 (2.3%) | 34 (20%) | 6 (3.4%) | 33 (18.5%) | |
| Odds for African Americans | 1.01 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.54 | 0.46 | ||||||
| Odds for Caucasian Americans | 1.17 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.15 | 0.18 | ||||||
| Odds ratio | 0.87 | 6.76 | Not calculable | 3.67 | 2.55 | ||||||
| Upper limit of odds ratio (95% CI) | 1.77 | 51.97 | Not calculable | 9.99 | 6.52 | ||||||
| Lower limit of odds ratio (95% CI) | 0.43 | 0.88 | Not calculable | 1.35 | 0.99 | ||||||
| p value | NS | NS | NS | 0.01 | NS | ||||||
| Past history of CV disease | Past history of HTN | Past history of pulmonary disease | Past history of diabetes | ||||||||
| Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | ||||
| Race | African American | 51 (28.7%) | 88 (49.4%) | 108 (60.7%) | 31 (17.4%) | 28 (15.7%) | 111 (62.4%) | 59 (33.1%) | 80 (44.9%) | ||
| Caucasian American | 21 (11.8%) | 18 (10.1%) | 27 (15.1%) | 12 (6.7%) | 11 (6.2%) | 28 (15.7%) | 14 (7.9%) | 25 (14.0%) | |||
| Odds for African Americans | 0.58 | 3.48 | 0.25 | 0.74 | |||||||
| Odds for Caucasian Americans | 1.17 | 2.25 | 0.39 | 0.56 | |||||||
| Odds ratio | 0.50 | 1.55 | 0.65 | 1.32 | |||||||
| Upper limit of odds ratio (95% CI) | 1.02 | 3.41 | 2.27 | 2.75 | |||||||
| Lower limit of odds ratio (95% CI) | 0.24 | 0.70 | 0.29 | 0.63 | |||||||
| p value | NS | NS | NS | NS | |||||||