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. 2021 Jun 24;32(5):617–624. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001381

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Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

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FIGURE 3. — G-value(p₁) for the strength required for equal confounder-exposure and confounder-disease associations RR_EU = RR_UD to reduce an observed RR = 2 to the null. The E-value of Ding and VanderWeele¹⁵ is obtained at G-value(1) = 3.41.