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. 2021 Jul 14;12:690783. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.690783

Figure 1.

Figure 1

A β cell centered view of antigen-presentation. (1) Stressed APC-like β cells directly present antigens to activate adaptive immune cells; (2) Dysfunctional β cells secret autoantigen containing granules which are subsequently up-taken and processed by professional APCs; (3) Dying β cells themselves and the released pro-inflammatory molecules further amplify the antigen presenting process.