Table 4.
Biochemical Markers and Hemogram Parameters
| Placebo (n = 15) | PBMT-sMF (n = 15) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Day 10 | Endpoint | Baseline | Day 10 | Endpoint | Between Groups Comparisons | Mean Difference [95% CI] | Effect Size Cohen d | |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 201.30 (± 65.39) | 118.79 (± 71.00) | 156.53 (± 124.49) | 152.29 (± 108.88) | 98.70 (± 95.24) | 72.66 (± 75.40) | Baseline: p=0.41 Day 10: p=0.99 Endpoint: p=0.045 |
Baseline: - 49.01 [−131.60 to 33.58] Day 10: −20.09 [−102.70 to 62.50] Endpoint: −83.87 [−166.50 to −1.28] |
Day 10: 0.2 (small) Endpoint: 0.8 (large) |
| TNF-alpha (pg/mL) | 17.23 (± 13.46) | 12.28 (± 5.42) | 17.05 (± 7.54) | 19.71 (± 17.51) | 18.40 (± 13.43) | 14.19 (± 5.44) | Baseline: p=0.99 Day 10: p=0.44 Endpoint: p=0.99 |
Baseline: 2.48 [−7.71 to 12.68] Day 10: 6.11 [−4.08 to 16.32] Endpoint: - 2.87 [−13.07 to 7.33] |
Day 10: 0.5 (moderate) Endpoint:0.4 (small) |
| Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 14.88 (± 5.13) | 18.28 (± 9.95) | 14.16 (± 4.80) | 19.04 (± 10.83) | 17.85 (± 6.67) | 21.07 (± 7.07) | Baseline: p=0.43 Day 10: p=0.99 Endpoint: p=0.0502 |
Baseline: 4.15 [−2.75 to 11.07] Day 10: −0.42 [−7.34 to 6.48] Endpoint: 6.90 [−0.004 to 13.82] |
Day 10: 0.1 (small) Endpoint:1.1 (large) |
| Erythrocytes (millions/mm3) | 4.20 (± 0.58) | 3.73 (± 0.55) | 3.40 (± 0.54)## | 3.75 (±0.64) | 3.18 (± 0.59) | 3.04 (± 0.90)** | Baseline: p=0.19 Day 10: p=0.065 Endpoint: p=0.389 |
Baseline: −0.45 [−1.02 to 0.13] Day 10: −0.55 [−1.13 to 0.02] Endpoint: −0.36 [−0.94 to 0.21] |
Day 10: 0.9 (large) Endpoint: 0.5 (moderate) |
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.57 (± 1.91) | 11.47 (± 1.78) | 9.97 (± 1.73)## | 11.34 (± 2.14) | 9.50 (± 1.55)* | 9.03 (± 2.75)** | Baseline: p=0.29 Day 10: p=0.026 Endpoint: p=0.6173 |
Baseline: −1.23 [−3.03 to 0.56] Day 10: −1.97 [−3.77 to −0.17] Endpoint: −0.94 [−2.74 to 0.86] |
Day 10: 1.2 (large) Endpoint: 0.4 (small) |
| Hematocrit (%) | 36.92 (± 4.94) | 32.66 (± 5.46) | 30.57 (± 4.58)## | 33.67 (± 5.04) | 29.03 (± 4.04) | 27.78 (± 7.20)** | Baseline: p=0.29 Day 10: p=0.194 Endpoint: p=0.459 |
Baseline: −3.25 [−7.98 to 1.48] Day 10: −3.62 [−8.36 to 1.10] Endpoint: −2.79 [−7.52 to 1.94] |
Day 10: 0.8 (large) Endpoint: 0.5 (moderate) |
| Leukocytes (mm3) | 11,466.00 (± 6677.06) | 14,221.92 (± 5231.44) | 17,742.66 (± 11,630.20) | 12,175.33 (± 9330.37) | 23,449.13 (± 33,682.68) | 23,186.66 (± 21,612.65) | Baseline: p=0.99 Day 10: p=0.476 Endpoint: p=0.99 |
Baseline: 709.30 [−15,147 to 16,566] Day 10: 9227 [−6629 to 25,083] Endpoint: 5444 [−10,412 to 21,300] |
Day 10: 0.4 (small) Endpoint: 0.3 (small) |
| Segmented Neutrals (mm3) | 9890.16 (± 5904.32) | 13,010.82 (± 3191.26) | 13,655.49 (± 10,037.05) | 9834.14 (± 7425.83) | 10,154.81 (± 3450.12) | 15,017.58 (± 11,566.73) | Baseline: p=0.99 Day 10: p=0.91 Endpoint: p=0.99 |
Baseline: −56.02 [−6836 to 6724] Day 10: −2856 [−9636 to 3924] Endpoint: 1362 [−5418 to 8142] |
Day 10: 0.9 (large) Endpoint: 0.1 (small) |
| Eosinophiles (mm3) | 47.43 (± 90.35) | 19.41 (± 29.58) | 1070.21 (± 2825.97)# | 49.73 (± 108.99) | 115.11 (± 114.62) | 223.86 (± 229.56) | Baseline: p=0.99 Day 10: p=0.99 Endpoint: p=0.146 |
Baseline: 2.30 [−1032 to 1037] Day 10: 95.70 [−939 to 1130] Endpoint: - 846.40 [−1881 to 188.3] |
Day 10: 1.1 (large) Endpoint: 0.4 (small) |
| Basophils (mm3) | 5.84 (± 6.07) | 7.83 (± 11.16) | 18.54 (± 27.53) | 7.57 (± 11.23) | 10.77 (± 18.75) | 22.88 (± 30.30) | Baseline: p=0.99 Day 10: p=0.99 Endpoint: p=0.99 |
Baseline: 1.73 [−15.79 to 19.26] Day 10: 2.93 [−14.59 to 20.46] Endpoint: 4.33 [−13.19 to 21.86] |
Day 10: 0.2 (small) Endpoint: 0.2 (small) |
| Lymphocyte (mm3) | 764.31 (± 415.39) | 1138.70 (± 484.81) | 1554.00 (± 1072.52) | 1183.26 (±1224.40) | 1309.53 (± 560.02) | 2713.83 (± 1899.26)**, $* | Baseline: p=0.87 Day 10: p=0.99 Endpoint: p=0.0125 |
Baseline: 418.9 [−543 to 1381] Day 10: 170.8 [−791.1 to 1133] Endpoint: 1160.00 [197.90 to 2122.00] |
Day 10: 0.3 (small) Endpoint: 0.8 (large) |
| Monocytes (mm3) | 557.06 (± 459.19) | 936.71 (± 499.14) | 1057.01 (± 646.43) | 661.23 (± 542.04) | 1224.89 (± 496.07)* | 1346.20 (± 862.56)** | Baseline: p=0.99 Day 10: p=0.576 Endpoint: p=0.571 |
Baseline: 104.2 [−431.3 to 639.6] Day 10: 288.2 [−247.2 to 823.6] Endpoint: 289.2 [−246.2 to 824.6] |
Day 10: 0.6 (moderate) Endpoint: 0.4 (small) |
| Platelets (mm3) | 189,800.00 (± 92,499.57) | 237,890.86 (± 71,588.08) | 231,266.66 (± 104,779.67) | 210,028.26 (± 90,254.29) | 261,858.03 (± 145,159.59) | 288,800.00 (± 166,270.09) | Baseline: p=0.99 Day 10: p=0.99 Endpoint: p=0.54 |
Baseline: 20,228 [−83,748 to 124,204] Day 10: 23,967 [−80,009 to 127,943] Endpoint: 57,533 [−46,443 to 161,509] |
Day 10: 0.2 (small) Endpoint: 0.4 (small) |
Notes: *Intragroup difference (PBMT-sMF) compared to the baseline (p<0.05); $*Intragroup difference (PBMT-sMF) compared to the Day 10 (p<0.01); **Intragroup difference (PBMT-sMF) compared to the baseline (p<0.01); #Intragroup difference (Placebo) compared to the baseline (p<0.05; ##Intragroup difference (Placebo) compared to baseline (p<0.01). Continuous variables are expressed as mean (standard deviation).
Abbreviations: PBMT-sMF, photobiomodulation therapy combined with static magnetic field; CI, confidence interval; CRP, C-reactive protein; TNF-alpha, tumor necrosis factor.