Table 3.

Hierarchical Regression Analyses Exploring the Effects of Chronotype and TP on BP in Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Outbreak Groups, Respectively

Variables	BPS
	Pre-COVID-19 Outbreak				ΔR2	Post-COVID-19 Outbreak				ΔR2
	B	β	t	p		B	β	t	p
Step 1					0.035					0.013
Sexa	0.206	0.117	1.876	0.062		0.117	0.070	1.311	0.191
Age	−0.023	−0.062	−0.487	0.627		−0.052	−0.076	−1.343	0.180
Education	−0.046	−0.095	−0.740	0.460		−0.003	−0.002	−0.042	0.966
Step 2					0.253					0.258
MEQ	−0.050	−0.511	−9.653	<0.001		−0.043	−0.513	−11.231	<0.001
Step 3					0.100					0.024
Past-negative	0.255	0.208	3.380	0.001		0.168	0.152	2.486	0.013
Present-hedonistic	−0.068	−0.039	−0.654	0.514		−0.125	−0.081	−1.361	0.174
Future	−0.411	−0.223	−4.020	<0.001		−0.188	−0.103	−1.978	0.049
Past-positive	0.018	0.011	0.207	0.836		0.072	0.055	0.996	0.320
Present-fatalistic	0.057	0.042	0.629	0.530		−0.005	−0.004	−0.064	0.949

Notes: ^aDummies are created for sex (male = 0; female = 1). Statistically significant values (p < 0.05) were formatted in bold.

Abbreviations: BP, bedtime procrastination; BPS, Bedtime Procrastination Scale; COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019; MEQ, Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire; TP, time perspective; B, Unstandardized regression coefficient; β, Standardized regression coefficient.