Table 4.

Unstandardized Direct, Indirect and Total Effects of SEM Models in Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Outbreak Groups, Respectively

Effects	Paths	Point Estimate	Product of Coefficients		BaC 95% CI		p
			SE	Z	Lower	Upper
Pre-COVID-19 outbreak
Total effect	Chronotype	−0.051	0.005	−10.20	−0.061	−0.041	<0.001
	↓
Indirect effect	Future	−0.010	0.003	−3.33	−0.016	−0.005	<0.001
	↓
Direct effect	BP	−0.041	0.005	−8.20	−0.052	−0.031	<0.001
Post-COVID-19 outbreak
Total effect	Chronotype	−0.043	0.004	−10.75	−0.051	−0.035	<0.001
	↓
Indirect effects	Past-negative	−0.003	0.001	−3.00	−0.005	−0.001	0.010
	Future
	↓
Direct effect	BP	−0.040	0.004	−10.00	−0.048	−0.032	<0.001

Notes: Unstandardized estimating of 5000 bootstrap sample. Statistically significant values (p < 0.05) were formatted in bold. Z = Point Estimate/SE. If the absolute value of the z-score is greater than 1.96, the effect is considered significant.

Abbreviations: BaC 95% CI, bias-corrected and accelerated 95% confidence intervals; BP, bedtime procrastination; COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019; SE, standard error; SEM, structural equation modeling.