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. 2021 Jul 24;14:3555–3568. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S316756

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© 2021 Hossain et al.

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An overall schematic diagram of this study clearly indicates that IGF-1 inhibits osteoarthritis activity via the PI3K/Akt, NF- κB, and MAPK signaling pathways. (┤ indicate inhibitory pathways, → indicate stimulatory pathways).